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1.
Moral dissensus is a distinct feature of our time. This is not only true of our post-modern culture in general, but also of business culture specifically. In this paper I start by explaining how modernist rationality has produced moral dissensus without offering any hope of bringing an end to it in the foreseeable future. Opting for a form of post-modernist rationality as the only viable way of dealing with moral dissensus, I then make an analysis of a number of ways proposed by both specialists in the field of business ethics, as well as philosophers to deal with moral decision-making in this situation of moral dissensus. The conclusion reached is that none of these attempts succeeds in coming to terms with moral dissensus. I then formulate an alternative approach to moral decision-making which I call: Rational interaction for moral sensitivity. After explaining this approach, I defend it against some of the most obvious objections that might be raised against it in a business environment.

2.
In 1981, the Federal Trade Commission issued a trade regulation rule on the sale of used cars. This rule required dealers to disclose known defects to prospective purchasers.Under the law at that time, Congress could veto such a rule. It did so. The veto, however, was challenged in court and the United States Supreme Court ruled the veto unconstitutional thus reinstating the rule.Before the rule could take effect however, the FTC (whose membership had changed in the meantime) decided to reconsider whether the rule should contain known defects disclosure. Subsequently, the Used Car Rule was reissued (effective May 9, 1985) deleting this important consumer protection.This article analyzes and criticizes the rationale for the deletion of the known defects disclosure requirement.
Sag nichts Böses: Die Behandlung bekannter Mängel in den behördlichen Richtlinien zum Verkauf von Gebrauchtwagen in den USA
Zusammenfassung Die Federal Trade Commission (FTC), die amerikanische Handels- und Wettbewerbsbehörde, erließ 1981 eine Richtlinie über den Gebrauchtwagenverkauf. Nach dieser Richtlinie waren Gebrauchtwagenhändler verpflichtet, bekannte Mängel der Wagen gegenüber Kaufinteressenten offenzulegen. Nach damaligem Recht konnte der Kongreß gegen diese Richtlinie sein Veto einlegen, was er auch tat. Dieses Veto wiederum wurde vor Gericht angefochten, woraufhin der oberste amerikanische Gerichtshof entschied, daß das Veto verfassungswidrig sei, und die ursprüngliche Richtlinie wieder in Kraft setzte.Bevor diese Richtlinie jedoch rechtskräftig werden konnte, beschloß die FTC (deren personelle Zusammensetzung sich inzwischen geändert hat), noch einmal zu überdenken, ob die Richtlinie endgültig die Bestimmung zur Offenlegung bekannter Mängel enthalten solle. Schließlich wurde die Richtlinie im Mai des Jahres 1985 ohne diese wichtige Vorschrift zum Schutz des Verbrauchers wieder in Kraft gesetzt.Der Beitrag analysiert und kritisiert den Hintergrund der Entscheidung, die Vorschrift zur Offenlegung bekannter Fahrzeugmängel entfallen zu lassen.


Stephen J. Nicks is Assistant Attorney General in the Department of Justice, State of Wisconsin, P.O. Box 7857, Madison, WI 53707, USA.  相似文献   

3.
Has one the right to expect favor because he or she has given tip? Or is one obligated to bend the rule of law in favor of his friend from whom he has received tip or favor? The paper undertakes an analysis of the different tip situations, the different forms of tip and attempts to show in what sense the term tip is applicable and finally examines the usefulness of tip and its possible effect on a moral conscience. The paper argues that tip considered as a transaction wherein money or favor is offered for the purpose of gaining an advantage illegally is nothing but bribery and as such immoral. Tip as a “forced gratuity” is argued to be an organized exploitation. The paper then concludes that tip in its proper sense of voluntary and gratuitous transaction can maximize individual utility and enhance social solidarity, noting at the same time, that its possible adverse effect on the moral conscience is worth taking cognizance of.  相似文献   

4.
农村创业者在项目选择中由于过分强调保本不亏,加上门槛低,都偏好选择士多项目,但大多数士多又常常以失败告终.本文从成本、需求、竞争、市场四个方面对士多项目进行了分析,这对于农村创业者项目选择具有一定的参考作用和实际意义.  相似文献   

5.
Individuals' moral judgments of certain business practices and their decisions to engage in those practices are influenced by their personal moral philosophies: (a) situationists advocate striving for the best consequences possible irrespective of moral maxims; (b) subjectivists reject moral guidelines and base judgments on personal values and practical concerns; (c) absolutists assume that actions are moral, provided they yield positive consequences and conform to moral rules; (d) exceptionists prefer to follow moral dictates but allow for exceptions for practical reasons. These variations, which are based on two fundamental dimensions (concern for principles and concern for promoting human welfare) influence a variety of moral processes and have implications for ethical debates over business practices.Donelson R. Forsyth is Professor in the Department of Psychology at Virginia Commonwealth University. A social psychologist, his three major interests are affective and attributional reactions in interpersonal, education, and clinical settings, individual differences in ethical ideology, and the dynamics of interacting groups. He is the author of numerous journal articles, as well as several books dealing with social psychology, group processes, and health.  相似文献   

6.
This study investigates the connection of moral reasoning to demographic and performance variables in business education, especially business and technical writing. The moral reasoning construct serves as the foundation for one's decision making when confronted with moral dilemmas. Significant relationships are reported between subjects' writing skill and their moral reasoning scores. This research serves as a foundation for questions about writers' moral reasoning and the ethical decisions each writer makes in written communication. In addition, this study supports further research into the connection between moral reasoning and written communication, given the significant relationships reported and the noticeable shortage of related, data-based research.J. Lynn Johnson is an Associate Professor of Management at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. He is coauthor ofManagement: Theory and Practice, is an active consultant in the SouthWest, and has published over 20 other journal articles and training manuals. He has also been active in designing the curriculum for undergraduate and masters programs in personnel and industrial relations, hotel and restaurant management, and small business administration.Robert Insley is an Assistant Professor of Management and coordinator of the business communication program at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. He has presented numerous papers at national and international business communication and international business conferences, conducts interviewing skills workshops, has published several journal articles, and is presently in the process of co-authoringBusiness Communication Today and Tomorrow.Jaideep Motwani is an Assistant Professor of Management at Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan. He has presented numerous papers and chaired sessions at regional, national, and international meetings of the Decision Sciences, Society for Advancement of Management, ASQC, and other professional societies. He has published several journal articles.Imad Zbib is an Assistant Professor of Management at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, Missouri. His teaching and research interests range from production planning and control and manufacturing strategy to international management and business communication. He has presented papers at several regional, national, and international conferences and has published several journal articles.  相似文献   

7.
Cognitive moral development (CMD) theory has been accepted as a construct to help explain business ethics, social responsibility and other organizational phenomena. This article critically assesses CMD as a construct in business ethics by presenting the history and criticisms of CMD. The value of CMD is evaluated and problems with using CMD as one predictor of ethical decisions are addressed. Researchers are made aware of the major criticisms of CMD theory including disguised value judgments, invariance of stages, and gender bias in the initial scale development. Implications for business ethics research are discussed and opportunities for future research delineated.John Fraedrich is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Southern Illinois University of Carbondale. His areas of interest include ethical decision making and international marketing. He has published inJournal of Macromarketing, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Marketing Management, International Journal of Value Based Management, andJournal of International Consumer Marketing. Dr. Fraedrich is co-author of a textbookBusiness Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Second Edition.Debbie M. Thorne is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at the University of Tampa. Her areas of interest include business ethics, social network analysis, and cultural issues in organizations. She received a Ph.D. in 1993 and has published in theJournal of Teaching in International Business and numerous conference proceedings.O. C. Ferrell is Interim Dean and Distinguished Professor of Marketing and Business Ethics in the Fogelman College of Business and Economics at Memphis State University. Dr. Ferrell was chairman of the American Marketing Association Ethics Committee that developed the current AMA Code of Ethics. He has published articles on business ethics in theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Macromarketing, Human Relations, Journal of Business Ethics, as well as others. He has co-authored ten textbooks includingBusiness Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Second Edition, and a tradebook,In Pursuit of Ethics.  相似文献   

8.
A questionnaire on business ethics was administered to business professionals and to upper-class business ethics students. On eight of the seventeen situations involving ethical dilemmas in business, students were significantly more willing to engage in questionable behavior than were their professional counterparts. Apparently, many students were willing to do whatever was necessary to further their own interests, with little or no regard for fundamental moral principles. Many students and professionals functioned within Lawrence Kohlberg's stage four of moral reasoning, the law and order stage. Individualism and egoism remain strong patterns in the moral reasoning of many professionals, but they influence moral reasoning patterns among students to a much greater degree.John A. Wood is Associate Professor or Religion at Baylor University.Justin G. Longenecker is Emeritus Chavanne Professor of Christian Ethics in Business at Baylor University.Joseph A. McKinney is Professor of Economics and Co-Director of Master of International Management Program at Baylor University.Carlos W. Moore is an Edwin W. Streetman Professor of Marketing at Baylor University.  相似文献   

9.
The distinction between moral rules and moral ideals is presented and explained in various ways. The authors propose that people in business are required to obey the moral rules and have a choice with respect to ideals. Thus, they are not in a different position from that of anyone else in society.Four case studies are presented and discussed. The analytical approaches used by the authors' students are summarized and evaluated. The moral rules/ideals paradigm is described as helping discussants of the cases to establish congruence between business ethics and their personal set of values. Other values of the classroom discussion of ethics cases are considered.John W. Hennessey, Jr., is Jones Professor of Management at the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College. Previously he was Dean of this school and President of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business. Bernard Gert is Stone Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at the Dartmouth College. From 1971 until 1974 and from 1979 until 1981 he was Chairman of the Philosophy Department and he was awarded the NEH-NSF Sustained Development Award 1980–1984. His most important publications are: The Moral Rules: A New Rational Foundation for Morality, Harper and Row, 1970, Harper Torchbook 1973, 2nd edition 1975, and Philosophy in Medicine: Conceptual and Ethical Issues in Medicine and Psychiatry, Oxford University Press, 1982 (co-authored with Charles M. Culver).Prof. Gert acknowledges support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Grant RII-8018088 A03.  相似文献   

10.
Integrative social contracts theory (ISCT) has been an influential theory in normative business ethics for well over a decade, drawing attention both as an object of criticism and as a source of inspiration. In this paper I argue that, despite this attention, the fact that it is a genuinely pluralistic theory, in the tradition of pluralistic theories of political philosophy, is often overlooked. It is in the notion of moral free space that this pluralism is most clearly expressed. This oversight is unfortunate for two reasons. Firstly, it prevents the potential of ISCT, as a normative theory of business ethics, from being appreciated fully; secondly, it leads us to ignore resources that could help tackle its most problematic flaws. In this second respect, I show how some of these flaws could be addressed by paying closer attention to the similarities between ISCT and John Rawls' theory of Political Liberalism.  相似文献   

11.
Much has been written about the ethics and values of today's business student, but this research has generally been characterized by a variety of methodological shortcomings — the use of convenience samples, a failure to establish the relevance of comparison groups employed, attempts to understand behavior in terms of unidimensional values preselected by the researcher, and the lack of well-designed longitudinal studies. The research reported here addresses many of these concerns by comparing the values and ethical decision making behavior of a large cohort of students entering an M. B. A. program to students entering law school. Using the Rokeach value survey and several ethical decision making vignettes, significant differences were found between the two groups which have important implications for both the business and legal professions and the education of their future leaders.  相似文献   

12.
由于适应了销售商在买方市场中增强竞争能力和避免信用销售带来的商业风险的需要,保理业务近20年来存国际上得到了迅速发展.作为外贸大国,我国保理业的市场潜力是巨大的,但1986年《民法通则》中有关债权让与的规定却抑制了我国保理市场的孕育。直到1999年我国  相似文献   

13.
In staffing their overseas operations, Japanese firms generally maintain a view that prime positions should be held by the home-country personnel. Having thus decided not to follow the European or American pattern of overseas operations, Japanese firms continue to rely very heavily on their own managerial resources to run fast-expanding operations abroad. However, contrary to a general impression that Japanese managers are adept at working in foreign environments, our study of Japanese subsidiaries in Hong Kong points out that the success rate of their expatriate assignments is not necessarily as high as the figures widely reported by studies conducted elsewhere. This article will attempt to determine the causes of problems related to managerial assignments abroad by examining the practices employed by Japanese firms in the selection and training of managers for overseas assignments.  相似文献   

14.
When subordinates ask their managers for help with their personal problems, it creates moral dilemmas for their managers. Managers are contractually obliged to maintain equivalent relations between their subordinates and that is compromised when one subordinate makes this kind of request. By applying deontological principles to this dilemma, additional options are revealed, and the moral duties managers owe their subordinates in these situations are clarified. Dennis J. Moberg is associate professor in the Department of Organizational Analysis and Management, Leavey School of Business Administration, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA. He is a Fellow of SCU's Center of Applied Ethics. His present research focus is on applying ethical principles to employer-employee interactions. Related articles are The Ethics of Organizational Politics, Academy of Management Review 6, 1981, 363–374, and An Ethical Theory of Peer Relations in Organizations, available from author.  相似文献   

15.
16.
事业单位成本核算的问题及建议   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
近年来,随着我国事业单位各项改革的积极推进,虽然事业单位在某些领域取得了瞩目的成绩,但是在成本控制这个微观层面上,尚存在成本居高不下、控制薄弱、效益低下、管理不善等弊端.全文结合当前事业单住实际,就其在成本管理和控制方面存在问题进行分析,试图为深化当前我国事业单位改革提供一个新的角度思考.  相似文献   

17.
There is a fundamental tension in business ethics between the apparent need to ensure ethical conduct through hierarchical control, and the encouragement of individuals' potential for autonomous moral judgement. In philosophical terms, these positions are consequentialist and Kantian, respectively. This paper assumes the former to be the dominant position in practice, and probably in theory also, but regards it as a misplaced extension of the more general managerial tendency to seek and maintain control over employees. While the functions of such control are recognized, the arguments in favour of individuals' moral autonomy are pursued from both a Kantian and a social–theoretic perspective. Reference is made to Kohlberg's research on moral development that provides an insight into how individuals, through participation in debate with colleagues, might become more effective moral agents within organizational settings. This is contrasted with a managerial perspective, which pays lip service to individuals' right to such genuine involvement. The paper considers psychological manipulation and the legitimacy of managerial authority on matters of ethics, as opposed to in the purely technical context. The wider societal significance of such hierarchical power in organizations constitutes an important background to the paper. It is concluded that genuine, non-manipulative, participation by employees (and others) is the way forward for the ethical management of business ethics.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Education in business ethics focuses mainly on the improvement of ethical awareness, on philosophical issues, or on the transfer of moral content. However, serious problems with the effectiveness of these methods have been reported. In line with the psychological theories of Piaget, Vygotsky and Kohlberg, and in order to avoid the above problems, the educational effort in the present study was concentrated on the stimulation of development of the underlying autonomous cognitive ability to solve moral problems. Adults were trained to solve business ethics problems according to the autonomous function. The problems were presented in the form of moral conflicts introduced by hypothetical stories. The results showed that simple instructions were sufficient to promote a significant shift in the subjects' mode of solving the problems towards the autonomous moral function. Both the educational method and the test device are promising. Issues concerning the scoring instrument as well as questions about the transfer and application of the cognitive skill in real situations are discussed.Iordanis Kavathatzopoulos is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden. His research focuses mainly on education and development of ethics, and on structure and dynamics of work organisation. He has published recently in theJournal of Moral Education.  相似文献   

20.
This study examines the role of CEO social capital, defined as external directorship ties held by the CEO, in determining family vs. nonfamily CEOs' compensation in a network-based business society and governance system. Using a sample of pooled data of family firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2000 to 2002, the empirical results show that CEO social capital is an important determinant in setting nonfamily CEOs' pay level, consistent with the expectation of the contractual governance model. By contrast, as expected by relational governance model, family CEOs' social capital is not incentive-relevant. This study extends the literature on CEO compensation by documenting that in a market where guanxi and connections are considered valuable business tools, corporations will be willing to compensate professional CEOs for the social capital that they bring to the firm.  相似文献   

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