Towards adaptive tourism areas? A complexity perspective to examine the conditions for adaptive capacity

Tourism area development is affected by the competitive global tourism industry and the complex, multilevel dynamics of the contemporary network society. The strategic planning and governance challenge is stimulating tourism areas to become adaptive areas, being capable of responding to changing contexts in order to maintain or improve the performance of these areas as competitive tourism destinations. This article examines conditions for “adaptive tourism areas”. It does so on the basis of a complex adaptive system (CAS) perspective on tourism area development. The perspective is used to conceptualise tourism areas as complex and potentially adaptive systems, and to discuss how tourism area development can be understood as a multilevel, co-evolutionary and path dependent process. Furthermore, the CAS perspective is used to draw attention to the importance of a degree of diversity in terms of tourism products, experiences and firms. Encouraging a degree of diversity requires among other things interconnectivity among actors to ease communication and coordination, (policy) experimentation for niche-innovations, learning and reflexivity. The article ends with a discussion on the potential of, and constraints on, pursuing adaptive tourism areas from a strategic planning and governance point of view.     

论区域旅游发展战略的趋同与缓解

区域旅游竞合关系的演化使各旅游地纷纷进行战略规划。同时,各旅游地发展战略在战略目标、旅游功能、产业调整政策、旅游形象四个方面已经暴露出较为严重的趋同现象。原因是多方面的,主要是:战略决策层的从众心态和战略参与者的标准化知识及模式化思维,成功战略难以复制,在不确定性发展环境下决策的中庸之道,战略决策层对外界的媚俗效应等。战略趋同对区域旅游发展的影响是长远的,它将导致区域内恶性竞争,失去整体优势,并使区域旅游的成长极限快速到来。本文从研究者的角度,重新思考战略规划的基本要求,认为通过深刻解读规划对象,充分发挥点群优势,提供多情景方案三条途径可以使战略趋同问题得到缓解。     

Drivers of change in regional tourism governance: a case analysis of the influence of the New South Wales Government,Australia, 2007–2013

The study of governance and policy-making for tourism is an important area of academic scholarship. This paper reviews recent theoretical concepts and approaches to governance, policy-making, and sustainable and regional tourism. Practical application of these concepts is demonstrated through a case study analysis that traces and assesses the main policy and strategic initiatives of the New South Wales Government (Australia) directed at influencing change in regional tourism governance from 2007 to 2013. The analysis compares these main drivers influencing change at a regional scale to relevant themes, concepts and interpretations derived from literature on tourism governance. In particular, it uses Hall's (2011 Hall, C.M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 437–457.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) typology of tourism governance as a framework to explore conceptualisations of the governance structures evident in the case. The paper demonstrates the complexity of the regional tourism governance space, including the ebb and flow of various policy initiatives that have been driven by the political agendas of consecutive governments and their election commitments, as well as a pro-growth mode of governance that does not emphasise sustainable tourism. Moreover, the case suggests the opportunity to use destination management planning as a framework to drive sustainable tourism outcomes.     

上海都市旅游规划的时空审视及其战略取向

时间和空间是物质存在的方式,也是旅游活动存在的方式.脱离了时间的空间,或者脱离了空间的时间,在实际上都是不可能存在的.针对上海城市对空间的重视程度高于对时间的关注之倾向,本文立足于二元一体的时空坐标,从辩证思维视角,对上海都市旅游作属性定位,提出了上海都市旅游的战略选择取向应当立足于\"通过空间展示时间\"的观点,进而在时空坐标战略钟的选择中,提出上海城市建设以及都市旅游发展战略选择的合理取向的某些构想.     

Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning

The concept of capacity to absorb tourism has received considerable attention, but measures of capacity have seldom been applied to tourism plans. This void can be attributed to varying interpretations of the meaning of capacity, the complexity of assessing and predicting impacts, and opposition to the imposition of limits on growth. In this paper, different interpretations of tourism capacity are discussed, including inherent assumptions and potential applications. It is concluded that the concept can best be applied in a systematic planning process which includes no a priori assumption of optimality or ultimate limits on growth or change. A strategic planning model is recommended which includes the establishment of goals, ongoing evaluation of impacts, and the optional use of limits.     

旅游规划产品设计\"双筛法\"研究

文章介绍了一种关于旅游产品设计的新方法－“双筛法”,其致力于协调旅游规划研究过程中,旅游规划专家、旅游开发者、旅游客源市场（旅游消费者）和旅游开发地居民之间的关系,包括旅游资源普查及其市场评价和旅游开发条件的详细调查与市场评价、旅游产品的专家创意、开发者与开发地区居民对于旅游产品创意的接受意向水平调查、在旅游产品修正与补充基础上的旅游市场的认可意向调查、旅游产品的最后确定五大步骤,具有客观性、易接受性、针对性三大特点。     

Territorial tourism planning in Spain: from boosterism to tourism degrowth?

Abstract

Tourism saturation and unsustainability have been studied in urban political ecology. Both of these problems are inseparable from tourism planning and they have resulted in proposed solutions based on growth containment and even degrowth. These types of measures have been applied to varying degrees in mature coastal destinations in Spain since the 1990s, and they are currently being used for the country's main urban destinations due to problems generated by tourism saturation. This study examines the progressive incorporation of these measures in territorial tourism planning in Spain and it points out that the traditional emphasis on urban-tourism growth is declining and that more restrictive policies are now being implemented. This shift is illustrated through the analysis of three innovative territorial tourism planning instruments in Barcelona, the Balearic Islands and the Autonomous Region of Valencia. These ostensibly progressive processes suffer from crippling contradictions due to their inability to directly confront the capitalist accumulation model underlying the tourism growth they address. Consequently, much stronger measures capable of transcending this accumulation model in pursuit of genuine, and fair degrowth without systemic constraints are needed.     

旅游规划需要新理念--旅游规划三议

为了适应我国旅游业的发展，为了我国旅游规划工作能够沿着科学化、法制化、规范化的轨道前进，旅游规划的编制迫切需要理念的创新。本文从“新理念是发展的需要”、“进步带来的挑战”、“旅游概念是旅游规划的核心”三个层面，以层层推进的方式，着重阐述了应对挑战寻求突破的学术基础，并进而阐释了作者本人有关“概念性旅游规划”的创新性理论。     

从感性规划向数字规划进军

本文针对我国旅游规划存在的现实问题,提出数字规划的发展构想.论文认为过去20年的发展历程,我国旅游规划在很大程度上属于感性规划,其最大特点是缺少独立的技术手段和独立的理论基础.数字规划是建立在现代信息技术基础上的规划,以数字和图纸为语言,阐述旅游分析与规划思想,使规划具有一种尺度感.数字规划的核心是建立以市场研究为基础的旅游参数、旅游指标体系和策划体系.     

Information processing and touring planning theory

Tourists vary greatly in the extent to which they choose elements of their vacation prior to the commencement of the vacation. For a touring vacation, the extent to which a specific set of locations to visit has been planned prior to departure will vary between individuals. This study presents a structural model of pre-vacation decision-making for a touring vacation. The model demonstrates pre-vacation decision-making as comprising three distinct activities – information search, vacation plans, and vacation bookings – and incorporates characteristics of the vacation and characteristics of the tourist that influence the amounts and types of each of these activities undertaken.     

旅游解说系统规划初探--以浏阳道吾山引路松景区为例

本文以浏阳道吾山引路松景区旅游解说系统规划为例,介绍旅游解说系统规划的概念与分类,阐述旅游解说系统规划的重要意义,明确其在旅游规划中的地位和作用,探讨旅游解说系统规划的基本思路、规划方式和规划理念。     

Marketing Australia overseas—a corporate perspective

The Australian Tourist Commission promotes international tourism to Australia. It undertakes a range of marketing activities including advertising, public relations and tourist trade promotions. It does not sell travel. The tourist industry in Australia contributes 6% to Gross Domestic Product and employment. International tourism in Australia accounts for around 15% of all tourism. Australia is divided into eight states and territories all of which promote tourism within the country and also undertake offshore promotions with the Australian Tourist Commission. The strategy of the Commission for the next 3 years includes an emphasis on conventions and incentives, market research, quality promotions and special interest travel across a broad range of markets.     

旅游规划整合--对\"大旅游\"内涵的再认识

随着旅游活动的不断普及和深入发展,旅游规划实践在我国各地蓬勃兴起,旅游规划的思想、内容与方法也在不断发展完善。本文简要回顾了国内外旅游规划的发展,并对系统科学理论、可持续发展思想等对旅游规划的影响进行了评析,认为在我国很多地区都亟待发展的情况下,旅游规划必须重视旅游地的社会经济要素．让旅游规划可以在当地发挥实际作用,通过“大旅游”开发切实增强旅游开发地的自我发展能力。文章在前人研究的基础上,对“大旅游”的内涵进行了更为明确的阐述,将其概括为大资源、大产业带、大产业链、大市场、大系统等几个方面,并就其中的产业整合和空间整合进行了重点阐述,分析了深入研究与发展“大旅游”的重要意义。     

旅游可持续发展评价指标体系及评价方法研究

旅游可持续发展是当今学术界及旅游管理部门备受关注的课题,科学地制订旅游可持续发展指标体系对实施区域旅游可持续发展战略具有重要意义.本文按照“保护第一、开发第二“的原则,提出了较为完整的旅游可持续发展评价指标体系,并建立了综合评价的多目标线性加权函数模型,评价方法具有可操作性和一定的推广应用价值.     

区域旅游可持续力分析的修正方案--以安徽龙岗古镇为例

可持续力的研究是进行区域旅游开发的重要依据，但现有区域旅游可持续力分析模型在一定程度上还存在缺陷，主要是忽视了区域自身的调整能力。本文试图提出一个具有修正意义的评价体系，并以安徽龙岗古镇为例进行了实证研究。     

旅游时间规划概念框架研究

在梳理旅游规划发展历史阶段的基础上,对传统旅游空间规划缺乏对旅游者个体的关注和忽视"时间性"等问题提出了批判,进而在明确旅游时间规划价值导向和逻辑起点的基础上,提出了旅游时间规划的概念模型;详细分析了时间地理学、认知供给理论和旅游者行为学作为基础理论的支撑作用,系统地提出旅游时间规划的时空统一观、时空资源观和时空产品观,并通过理论推导旅游时间规划的概念模型,构建了旅游时间规划的内容体系。最后,研究强调了"旅游时间规划"在旅游产业发展阶段和提升阶段的实践意义,明确旅游时间规划是传统旅游空间规划的补充和修正,而不是与传统规划割裂开来的另外一种规划系统。     

Surf Tourism and Sustainable Development in Indo-Pacific Islands. II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study

Recreational capacity is a function of the natural and social environment, the activity concerned, and the management regime. Indo-Pacific surf destinations with cheap and open access and no capacity management have experienced crowding, crime, pollution and price collapses. Many island surf breaks can handle only a few surfers at once because of the shape of the reefs. A crowding factor may be conceptualised as the proportion of rideable waves each surfer is forced to cede to another boardrider. Quota management systems using operator permits need to incorporate the complexity of the environment and the industry, but be equitable enough to gain general acceptance, and simple enough to enforce without dispute. Siberut Island in the Mentawai chain near West Sumatra, Indonesia, is covered by dense tropical rainforest which supports a number of endangered species and has been proposed as a Biosphere Reserve. It is also home to indigenous village communities with traditional social and religious practices. This island is subject to commercial logging and plantation agriculture, and tourism seems to be the only politically realistic economic alternative at present. To provide infrastructure for long-term growth in nature and cultural tourism, an immediate source of tourism revenue is needed. The most immediate option seems to be surf lodges on some of the smaller Mentawai Islands, which have already been largely cleared and are already visited by boat-based surf tour operators. Operators will only invest in lodges if they can acquire preferential rights to particular surf breaks. Hence the recreational capacity of the islands for surf tourism must be determined, and allocated between operators through a management system. Relevant data and one management option are presented here.     

中国旅游地理研究：成果应用转化和研究技术革新

旅游的产业属性决定了旅游地理研究的实践性,在服务国家战略和产业实践需求的过程中,中国旅游地理学科呈现出研究领域、方法和应用的新特征。本文围绕旅游规划、旅游资源、旅游大数据和旅游实验方法等进行总结与展望,认为：（1）旅游规划是透视旅游地理研究发展的重要视角,旅游规划的知识域主要包括旅游开发战略与对策、旅游业与旅游企业、乡村旅游与乡村振兴等12个方面;（2）新时代文化和旅游资源普查面临文旅资源保护和整合利用的重大现实需求,为旅游地理研究带来了文旅资源的内涵与分类评价、普查信息集成与应用、普查技术与组织方式等新命题;（3）大数据背景下要求旅游地理探寻新科学问题,重点要关注大数据旅游统计测量模型和指标规则的规范,数据伦理与信息茧房,大数据旅游现象的地理效应和相关空间格局等研究;（4）实验研究方法在认识论层面从描述走向解释预测,在方法论层面从调查走向直接测量,为认识和理解旅游情境下人地关系的核心科学问题提供了“科学化”的研究路径。因此,面对新时代战略要求和旅游业发展趋势,旅游地理学应加强产业实践、研究方法和学科交叉研究,提升学科服务国家战略和社会经济发展的支撑能力。