中美贸易战的法理分析和应对措施

在过去的20多年中,中美多次在贸易问题上发生摩擦。当前,人民币汇率争端尚未平息,美国又对从中国进口的商品加征关税,依据其国内相关法律对中国发起贸易战。对此,以当今世界的经济格局为背景,明确中美两国频繁产生贸易冲突的原因,并试图从法律角度深入探究和分析中美贸易大战的本质,并在此基础上,明确在国际贸易争端中,我国应如何对自身进行定位以及如何应对。     

中美贸易产品结构研究

2017年8月14日,美国总统特朗普签署行政备忘录并决定对中国贸易行为发起调查,8月18日宣布正式对中国发起301调查,此后中美贸易摩擦也一直是各国关注的焦点问题。长期以来,中国在中美贸易中一直保持顺差地位的同时也存在贸易结构性问题。在当今中美贸易摩擦悬而未决的情况下,这一问题面临的形势更为严峻。本文根据联合国的"标准国际贸易产品分类"(SITC Rev.4)方法,将商品分为十大类,通过整理分析数据,主要研究中美贸易产品结构,并据此提出相关建议。     

探讨国际经济贸易在技术壁垒下的发展

自次贷危机以来,国际经济贸易中的技术壁垒不断增加,全球贸易保护主义成为国际贸易的主色,这也使得我国在产品出口过程中因为技术壁垒问题与进口国之间的矛盾与摩擦不断增加,因此,文章通过讨论技术壁垒对于国际贸易的影响,并分析在技术壁垒的情况下,我国如何发展国际贸易,从而为我国打破技术壁垒,实现更好的经济发展做出一点贡献。     

大宗商品贸易项下进口信用证业务的风险与控制--基于进口地银行的视野

近年来,受全球经济增速明显放缓、国际大宗商品价格持续下跌以及国内经济结构调整深化等因素影响,我国商业银行大宗商品国际贸易融资业务风险显著攀升,风险管控压力明显加大。信用证作为一种常用结算方式,在大宗商品国际贸易中被普遍使用。信用证项下大宗商品国际贸易融资所出现的风险,在一定程度上暴露了商业银行在进口开证以及融资管理中存在的问题。文章结合大宗商品贸易进口信用证结算方式的特点,从进口地开证行和融资行的视野,指出了商业银行在办理进口国际贸易开证、融资管理中面临的主要问题和风险,并从多维度分析了风险的原因,有针对性提出了防范、降低风险的路径与方法。     

新贸易理论述评——新贸易理论与传统贸易理论之比较

<正> 一、主流国际贸易理论的发展 国际贸易理论作为现代经济理论的专门分支始于亚当·斯密。他在其《国富论》中提出了绝对成本的概念,后经李嘉图修正,形成了比较成本理论。比较成本理论提示了互利贸易的基础以及贸易利益的来源。继而俄林在其《区域间贸易与国际贸易》一书中对此作出了解释,提出了要素禀赋理论(即H—O模型)。这一理论指出:比较成本差异的原因在于各国资源禀赋的不同,并且对国际贸易的商品和要素模式作了确定性的结论。至此,奠定了传统国际贸易理论的两个层次的核心     

中国与中亚五国商品贸易结构分析

对中国和中亚之间的商品贸易结构特点进行比较,分别归纳两个地区之间的贸易结构特征,发现存在的问题。并据此提出能够加强中国与中亚国家政府间的贸易合作,优化彼此商品贸易结构以及优势互补、降低贸易风险的可行性对策。同时也针对中国与中亚国家商品贸易中具有的优势,加以发扬,提升本国的国际贸易竞争力。     

国际贸易中资源性商品定价机制演化及应对策略

本文首先研究了国际贸易中主要资源性商品的价格变化情况,接着引出了资源性商品进出口贸易大国地位和定价权缺失这一矛盾和问题。基于上述分析提出了应对国际贸易中资源性商品定价机制格局演化趋势的基本对策。     

比较利益的性质及其在国际贸易中的意义

<正> 比较利益是比较成本说的核心内容,被用来说明国际贸易产生的原因、贸易的互利性质、贸易的型式、自由贸易政策等一系列重大理论问题。比较利益也因此成为上述领域学术争论与正确评价比较成本说的关键。所以,有必要深入探讨比较利益的内容、性质及其对国际贸易的意义。一、比较利益与贸易产生的原因贸易产生的原因是国际贸易研究中首先需要回答的问题。西方经济学把它直接归结为对贸易利益的追求。在重商主义看来,除了     

加强知识产权建设 推动流通产业发展

<正>自我国实行改革开放政策以来,同世界各国的经济、技术、文化、贸易往来逐步扩大,国民经济有了迅速发展.在流通领域,批发零售业也加快了参与国际市场的步伐.根据国际经贸合作的需要,我国在“八五”初期就已经开始了入关谈判.那时,入关谈判的内容主要是围绕商品进出口的互利条件,集中在商品关税壁垒、出口补贴、国民待遇的平等等方面.当时,我们就对本系统有关企事业单位从事对外贸易的人员进行了培训,学习内容是工业产品在进出口贸易中应注意的问题.随着国际贸易的日益全球化、官税及非官税贸易壁垒的逐渐减少,知识产权特别是专利权、商标权在国际贸易中的保护作用越来越明显.另外,在国际贸易中技术贸易的比重越来越大,即使在商品贸易中,也含有许多知识产权的内容,因而在关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判中就已经涉及到知识产权问题.在1993年的入关谈判中涉及到了服务贸易业,并第一次提出了零售市场和批发市场的对外开放问题.国务院也请我部作为正式代表参加了入关谈判,根据谈判的需要,我们做了很多调查工作.在谈判中,外方要求在开放批发零售市场过程中,外国企业     

中国外贸遭遇“倒春寒”

“不幸被言中!”4月10日,商务部副部长高虎城在北京举行的“2007年国际贸易争端形势分析会”上这样感叹。早在三年前,分析当时的贸易形势,中方已经意识到,未来与贸易伙伴之间的摩擦和争端,将由商品、企业等微观层面     

南北贸易中产品种数变化与国际贸易摩擦

本文扩展了保罗·萨缪尔逊提出的国际贸易摩擦的静态理论模型,运用赫尔普曼(1993)和Fujiwarw(2004)分析南北贸易的理论与方法,提出了解释南北国际贸易摩擦的动态模型,并运用相关统计资料,对动态模型的基本结论进行了实证分析。     

Distribution of world income in the Ricardo-Mill model of international trade

Changes in the distribution of world income and relative welfare in response to exogenous changes in country size are investigated in a two country many commodity Ricardo-Mill model of international trade. This inquiry was opened by Dornbusch, Fischer and Samuelson for the case of a continuum of commodities. Attention here is focused on the two and three commodity cases and how the production possibility set changes as commodities become neighbors in the continuum.     

STOLPER–SAMUELSON REVISITED: TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION WITH OLIGOPOLISTIC PROFITS

This paper investigates the distributional impact of international trade when goods markets are oligopolistic and firms partially pass‐through changes in tariffs into prices and factor costs for differentiated products. Trade liberalization raises mark‐ups and profit shares in the export industry and lowers them in the import‐competing industry, while Stolper–Samuelson effects on real prices of primary factors are attenuated or possibly reversed. An extended model shows how ‘offshoring’ (trade in intermediate goods) can potentially increase mark‐ups for oligopolistic producers of final goods. The analysis illuminates why business interests generally support trade liberalization policies today, regardless of their countries' factor abundance.     

A synthesis of the Heckscher-Ohlin and the neoclassical models of international trade

In this paper we provide a synthesis between the neoclassical and the Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade by developing the properties of a two-sector, three-factor model. The neoclassical model, where one or more factors are specific to one or both industries, and the Heckscher-Ohlin model, where two (or all factors) are nonspecific, then can be analyzed as special cases of our model. The theorems by Rybczynski, Stolper and Samuelson, Jones and Chipman, among others, are reexamined in terms of our generalized model.     

A generalization of the Samuelson reciprocity relation,the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and the Rybczynski theorem under variable returns to scale

Assuming the Marshallian externalities, a generalization of the Samuelson reciprocity relation, the Stolper–Samuelson theorem and its dual Rybczynski theorem is demonstrated with n commodities and n inputs. Further it is shown that the ‘weak’ Stolper–Samuelson property does not coincide with the ‘strong’ property even when n=2. Then the effect of an own or other commodity price change on a commodity output is examined.     

贸易自由化环境效应的实证研究

贸易与环境的关系问题是当今国际经济学界的一个重要问题。本文对研究贸易自由化所导致的环境后果的主要方面和最新动态进行了综述,在此基础上,参考Dean建立的联立方程,从动态和静态两个方面对贸易和环境的相互作用进行考察,采用34个发展中国家的数据进行实证分析,并提出我国应对贸易与环境问题的几点建议。     

我国遭遇贸易摩擦的积极效应分析

随着改革开放的深化发展,中国逐步成为世界贸易大国,贸易摩擦也不可避免。中国遭遇的贸易摩擦具有发生频率高、涉及范围广、冲击程度深等特征,对中国经济发展产生了较大的负面影响。此外,中国遭遇摩擦也具有学习积累效应、信号传递效应、改革推动效应等潜在积极效应。中国必须加快培育自主创新企业群、激发经济增长新动能、推动国际多边经贸合作、完善国际贸易摩擦应对机制,促进贸易摩擦的潜在积极效应转变为现实趋势,化解贸易摩擦带来的不利影响。     

The impact of international trade on emigration in developing countries

This paper studies how international trade affects emigration in developing countries. This is a new aspect as previous studies investigated the impact of immigration on trade from host countries perspective. However, there are also reasons to believe that trade may affect the propensity to emigrate in the home countries, leading to potential brain drain in developing countries, especially given the theoretical hypothesis in Stolper–Samuelson (S–S) theorem within Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) factor-proportion model that more educated workers are more likely to emigrate due to an increase in international trade. When low-skill abundant developing countries liberalize trade, the reward of the scarce factor (skilled labor) is reduced in these countries, but it increases in the high-skill abundant developed countries. Therefore, skilled workers in the developing countries see a strong incentive to migrate to developed countries. To test this hypothesis, this paper utilizes a panel of 133 developing countries for the period of 1980–2010 and finds that high-skilled workers are more likely to emigrate with trade while there appears to be no effect of trade on low-skilled workers.     

Trade and Wage Inequality: Local versus Global Comparative Advantages

This paper shows that disentangling the local and global dimensions of trade can be crucial to get a better understanding of the trade impact on wage inequality. In particular, it allows us to reconcile the empirical evidence with the Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson predictions. Our focus here is on Italy. As for local trade – within its own cone of diversification – Italy is specialised in the production of unskill‐intensive goods, while for global trade – with respect to the other cone of diversification – it is mainly specialised in the production of skill‐intensive goods. On the evidence of these specialisation patterns, we point out that the local trade has a strong impact on wage inequality. In particular, in line with the Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson predictions, the local export performance reduces wage inequality as it favours blue‐collar workers. As for global trade, it affects and increases wage inequality through the export channel, again consistent with the Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson predictions.     

REVEALED PREFERENCE TESTS OF THE STOLPER?SAMUELSON THEOREM

This article conducts revealed preference tests of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. If the Stolper?Samuelson theorem holds, one would expect to find a country's relatively scarce factor of production (in this case labor) harmed from trade liberalization and thus opposing trade liberalization. The reverse would be true for its relatively abundant factor of production (in this case capital). Therefore, this article examines representations made before the Canadian House of Commons committee studying the Canadian?U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Assuming representations coincide with the self-interest of the presenters, the effects of trade liberalization on factor returns are inferred. It finds strong support for the proposition that labor behaves as the Stolper?Samuelson theorem would predict and qualified support for capital behaving as the Stolper?Samuelson theorem would predict.