Income inequality and economic growth—the Kuznets curve revisited

In a neoclassical growth framework with a typical political-economy mechanism, this paper reexamines the relationship between the income inequality and economic growth by introducing government spending into the production function and the utility function. It demonstrates that Kuznets’ famous inverted-U shape relationship between inequality and economic growth will hold—the growth rate will be first increasing with the income inequality before the growth rate decreases with inequality. __________ Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经济), 2005,(5) (in Chinese)     

Income inequality, democracy and growth reconsidered

Persson and Tabellini (Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992a. Growth, distribution and politics. Eur. Econ. Rev. 36, 593–602; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992b. Growth, distribution and politics. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 3–22; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1994. Is inequality harmful for growth? Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 600–621) as well as Alesina and Rodrik (Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1992. Distribution, political conflict, and economic growth. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 23–50; Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1994. Distributive politics and economic growth, Q. J. Econ. 109, 465–490) have argued that income inequality reduces economic growth rates among democracies because it promotes distributional struggles. In this paper I question the supportive evidence for a number of reasons. Measures of income distribution and democracy are unreliable and permit only very tentative conclusions. Changes in data sources or recoding of some influential cases affect results. It is questionable whether equality effects on growth apply only within democracies, as a median voter interpretation of this relationship should make one expect. The general idea that distributional struggle hurts the growth prospects of nations, however, receives some empirical support.     

Income inequality analysis in the period of economic transformation in poland

This paper presents some statistical methods of income inequality analysis based on the theoretical income distribution models that are well-fitted to the empirical models. As theoretical curves, the lognormal, gamma, Burr Type XII, and the Dagum models were used. They were applied to the earnings distributions in Poland in the period of economic transformation from a centrally-planned to a market economy. On the basis of the Dagum model, showing the perfect consistency with the considered earnings distributions, the maximun likelihood estimators of inequality parameters and economic distance ratios between men and women were calculated.     

Relative deprivation,wealth inequality and economic growth

This paper presents an endogenous growth model where utility depends on relative deprivation as well as consumption. It is shown that a negative relationship exists between wealth inequality and equilibrium growth rate. In addition, if the concern for relative deprivation is strong enough, instantaneous utility decreases while aggregate income increases.      

Kaldorian dynamics in an open economy

In this paper, we formulate a Kaldorian business-cycle model in a small open economy. We consider the possibility of capital mobility, and both the system of fixed exchange rates and that of flexible exchange rates are studied. We investigate how changes of the parameter which represents the degree of capital mobility affect the dynamic characteristics of the model. Some numerical simulations are performed based on the analytical model.     

Wage norms in an open economy

Zusammenfassung Das Zusammentreffen einer Beschleunigung des Preisauftriebs und einer Erhöhung der Arbeitslosigkeit in den OECD-Ländern in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren überzeugte viele Wirtschaftswissenschafter und Wirtschaftspolitiker, daß es einer Einkommenspolitik bedürfe, um die diskretionäre Marktmacht von Unternehmen und Gewerkschaften einzuschränken. Zwei wichtige Varianten der Einkommenspolitik sind die produktivitätsorientierte Lohnpolitik, die das Wachstum der Geldlöhne vom Wachstum der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktivität und der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Preissteigerung abhängig macht, und das Skandinavische Modell, in welchem die Erhaltung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit dadurch garantiert wird, daß das Wachstum der Geldlöhne gleich der Summe des Produktivitätswachstums im exponierten Sektor und der Preissteigerung der handelbaren Güter (in heimischer Währung) ist. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, daß beide Arten der Einkommenspolitik äquivalent sind. Er untersucht auch die Rolle der Wechselkurse in diesen Modellen und verwendet das Ergebnis, daß in einer umfassenden Einkommenspolitik Lohnzurückhaltung durch eine Preispolitik in der Form einer Wechselkurspolitik ergänzt werden muß, um historische Ereignisse in einigen Ländern zu interpretieren.     

On the impact of innovation and inequality in economic growth

We present robust results on the empirical relationship among income inequality, innovation, and economic growth for a panel dataset of 74 countries over the period 1996–2014. We estimate pairwise causality tests to show that there is bidirectional causality between GDP per capita and R&D, while R&D causes the Gini index of income inequality, and it causes human capital. Allowing coefficients to be different across cross-sections of countries, we get in any case a pairwise bi-directionality. By dynamic panel data estimations, when regressing R&D on GDP per capita, we obtain a threshold value of 0.16% of R&D such that for values above it there is economic growth. While regressing R&D on the Gini index, we get a threshold of 0.10% of R&D above which, the income distribution begins to improve. Finally, we estimate a growth equation that depends on R&D, income inequality, and physical capital. We obtain two thresholds, one of 38.79 for the Gini (above which the economic growth decreases), and one of 0.06% for R&D such that above it, economic growth is rising.     

Income inequality and colonialism

This paper proposes that colonialism is a major explanation behind today's differences in income inequality across countries. We argue that income inequality has been higher in the colonies where the percentage of European settlers to total population was higher, as long as Europeans remained a minority. The countries where Europeans became the majority of the population did not suffer from high inequality. These initial differences continue to hold today. The empirical evidence we provide strongly supports our thesis.     

Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China

We show how regional growth patterns in China depend on regional differences in physical, human, and infrastructure capital as well as on differences in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. We also evaluate the impact of market reforms, especially the reforms that followed Deng Xiaoping's “South Trip” in 1992 those that resulted from serious hardening of budget constraints of state enterprises around 1997. We find that FDI had a much larger effect on TFP growth before 1994 than after, and we attribute this to the encouragement of and increasing success of private and quasi-private enterprises. We find that human capital positively affects output and productivity growth in our cross-provincial study. Moreover, we find both direct and indirect effects of human capital on TFP growth. These impacts of education are more consistent than those found in cross-national studies. The direct effect is hypothesized to come from domestic innovation activities, while the indirect impact is a spillover effect of human capital on TFP growth. We conduct cost-benefit analysis of hypothetical investments in human capital and infrastructure. We find that, while investment in infrastructure generates higher returns in the developed, eastern regions than in the interior, investing in human capital generates slightly higher or comparable returns in the interior regions. We conclude that human capital investment in less-developed areas is justified on efficiency grounds and because it contributes to a reduction in regional inequality.     

Inflation and nominal tax system in an open economy

This paper provides an analysis of the implications of the interaction between inflation and a tax system which is not fully indexed within the context of an open economy. The model used is characterized by perfect foresight, full employment, imperfect substitutability between domestic and foreign assets, and an endogenous stock of capital. Three distinct channels through which an increase in the inflation rate disturbs the initial equilibrium are analysed separately. The global effect is then discussed with respect to the position of the economy as debtor or creditor to the rest of the world. The financing of the public deficit is also briefly discussed.     

Progressive taxes and automatic stabilization in an open economy

In a simple model with a fixed exchange rate, more progressive taxes are likely to lead to a fall in the multiplier for autonomous expenditure. The effect on the multiplier for an autonomous wage shock may go either way, and increased progressivity may change the sign of this multiplier. The wage bargaining is modeled as a trade-off between employment and real disposable income. Depending on them weight attached to employment and the way expectations are formed, more progressivity may contribute to stabilize rather than destabilize this wage formation process. Indexation of taxes to imported inflation seems preferable to alternatives.     

Benefits and unemployment in an open economy: an equilibrium analysis

This paper examines the relation between uemployment compensation and unemployment in The Netherlands. This relation is studied by menas of a small macroeconomic model for an open economy that assumes equilibrium in the labour market and on the current account. The model yields an elasticity of unemployment to benefits of 1.0, which is high compared to microeconomic research and the outcomes of disequilibrium models for The Netherlands. According to the model, a rise in the ‘wedge’ (i.e. the difference betweenn real labour cost and real net wages) leads to an increase in unemployment, whilst shifting this wedge from the employers to the employees induces a fall in unemployment.     

Optimal input trade policy under economic uncertainties in a small open economy

This article theoretically analyses optimal input trade policy under economic uncertainties in a small open economy. The benchmark model explains both key business cycle moments and asset prices of a representative emerging economy, and the corresponding deterministic version of the model finds no gain by deviating from the free input trade policy. The main findings are as follows: (1) it is optimal for the government to subsidize imported intermediate inputs in the benchmark model and (2) the result is robust to various shocks, various key structural parameters and various preference specifications.     

Income inequality in the trust game

This paper presents an experiment measuring how lab-induced income inequality affects trust and trustworthiness. Low endowment subjects paired with high endowment subjects showed more trust than subjects in other pairs; this trust was reciprocated with high trustworthiness.     

Knowledge, economic geography, and growth in a two-group island economy

This paper proposes a two-group urban model with endogenous capital and knowledge accumulation in an isolated island economy. The model examines the dynamic interdependence among knowledge utilization, creativity, transportation conditions, savings behavior, location choice, and residential pattern in a just two-group island economy. Although it is constructed with some strict assumptions, the model is quite general in the sense that the well-known models, such as the Solow-Swan model, the Kaldor-Pasinetti two-group model, and the Alonso model, can be considered, from a structural point of view, as its special cases. The knowledge accumulation in our model is based upon Arrow's learning-by-doing model. It is proved that the system may have a unique or multiple equilibria and each equilibrium may be stable or unstable, depending upon knowledge utilization and creation characteristics of the two groups. We also examine the impact of changes in the population and knowledge creation efficiency of two groups on long-run growth, wealth distribution, and residential structure.     

Income inequality and crime in the United States

This paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and crime. Results show that there is a strong and robust effect of relative income inequality on burglary. Effect on robbery is also strong and robust in most cases.     

Rationing in an open economy: Fix-price equilibrium and two-gap models

Two-gap models have been criticized severely for the lack of realism of their assumptions but are still prominent in development planning and, implicitly, in discussions of short-run policy problems. Here the model's applicability outside a command economy is considered by comparing it with a rationing model with proper micro-foundations. It is shown that the two-gap model in general violates fix-price equilibrium properties but that the fix-price model generates quite similar results.     

Price level targeting and the delegation issue in an open economy

A weight-conservative central banker setting policy with discretion and stabilizing the real exchange-rate-adjusted (REX) price level and the output gap can replicate the behavior of the rate of REX inflation and the output gap under policy from a timeless perspective.     

Poverty among ethnic minorities: the transition process,inequality and economic growth

This article investigates the process of reducing poverty in ethnic minority households. Using two recent Vietnam household surveys, we find that ethnic minority households are more likely to be persistently poor and less likely to be persistently non-poor than ethnic majority households. The within-group component generated by the variation in income within each ethnicity group explains more than 90% of the change in total inequality. Income redistribution plays an important role in decreasing the poverty gap and decreasing poverty severity. Different ethnic groups have different poverty patterns, which should be noted when designing policies to alleviate poverty and inequality.