Foreign ownership and firm performance in German services

This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of foreign-controlled enterprises in the German service sector based on new micro-data from official German statistics. Various performance measures were examined via comparison of unconditional and conditional means and through use of quantile regression techniques. Foreign-controlled affiliates consistently performed better than German-owned affiliates. In contrast, profitability exhibited precisely the opposite trend. Moreover, labour productivity did not significantly differ when the comparison group consisted of domestically owned affiliates with a high degree of internationalization. A breakdown by country of origin showed that European affiliates pay lower wages and export less relative to non-European affiliates, and US firms have no productivity advantage as in manufacturing.     

国际贸易对中外双向投资影响的实证分析

改革开放以来尤其是我国加入世贸以来,我国国际贸易额大幅上升,与此同时,流入我国的外商直接投资和我国的对外直接投资同时迅猛地增长。那么国际贸易和双向投资之间是否存在着某种必然的相关性呢?运用计量经济学的方法对我国国际贸易额与我国双向FDI的总量关系进行实证分析,得出结论,国际贸易对我国双向FDI起着促进作用,其中,对外商直接投资促进作用较大(在99%显著水平下,每产生一亿美元的进口就会流入0.303亿美元的FDI,每产生一亿美元的出口就会流入0.208亿美元的FDI),对对外直接投资影响较小(在99%显著水平下,每产生一亿美元的贸易仅对对外投资0.003 203亿美元)。并由此提出了一些建设性的意见。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Training in the Host Country: The Tariff-Jumping Argument Revisited

We analyze the direct investment versus export decision of a multinational firm in competition with a potential entrant in a host country. We consider a workers' skills asymmetry between the host and the multinational home countries. We also give the multinational the possibility to train all (or a part of) the hired workers when investing. We show that an improvement in the workers' skills in the host country does not systematically increase the multinational incentive to invest. We also demonstrate that the tariff-jumping investment can improve the welfare of the host country even if it excludes the local firm from the market.     

扩大我国对外投资的发展模式研究

随着我国加入世贸组织和开放程度的不断提高 ,扩大中国企业对外直接投资已成为亟待解决的一个重要课题。从理论和实践的角度看 ,扩大我国对外直接投资已具备了些有利条件 ,但同时也存在一定的问题 ,对此提出了相应的对策和发展模式     

The impact of foreign direct investment on host country exports: A meta-analysis

In this paper, we present a synthesis of the literature examining the impact of foreign direct investment on host country exports. We reviewed and summarised 37 theoretical papers, 27 micro-level empirical studies and analysed 627 specifications from 117 macro-level empirical studies. In exploring the reasons behind the variations of the reported effects in the empirical literature, we applied meta-regression methodology. Our results indicate that the existing empirical literature generally reports a positive impact of foreign direct investment on exports, especially in developing countries. The reported effects are sensitive to research design, model specification and the context of the research. No publication bias was detected in the sampled studies. Based on our results, we provide some avenues and guidelines for future research on this topic. Our results could also have some important implications for policymakers.     

Outward Foreign Direct Investment,Interindustry Networks,and U.S. Trade Politics

This article investigates how outward foreign direct investment by U.S. multinational corporations influences industry lobbying for trade protection in the United States, focusing on interindustry structure of goods sales networks between upstream and downstream sectors and also on the multinationals’ input procurement patterns. If foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals switch input sources from U.S. to host-country suppliers, U.S. suppliers should receive a negative demand shock, ceteris paribus. An empirical test finds that those U.S. upstream sectors that are highly dependent upon U.S. multinationals for goods sales tend to lobby more as the multinationals’ overseas production and sales increase.     

论国际贸易与国际直接投资关系的发展与变迁

国际贸易和国际直接投资是跨国界配置资源的两种方式 ,都能有力地推动一国经济增长 ,通过对相关理论和各国实践进行考察 ,结合当今跨国公司的活动得出结论 :国际贸易和国际直接投资之间的关系历经了以替代、互补为主的阶段 ,目前表现为在跨国公司全球战略控制下的并重、互动的关系。同时从两方面具体分析了这种互动关系 ,并在此基础上指出国家相关政策应搭配协调 ,以更好地为其经济发展服务。     

Multinational activity of European firms and heterogeneity

This paper offers an empirical assessment of the multinational activity of European firms. It takes the predictions of models of firm heterogeneity and FDI activity as a reference to explore the characteristics of multinational firms from 30 European countries. We use a data set, based on ORBIS, which links information of parent–affiliate pairs of firms. Our results show that more productive firms have greater multinational activity in terms of both scope, the number of foreign markets where they invest, and scale, the volume of local sales by subsidiaries active in foreign markets. The estimation of gravity equations shows that country characteristics that encourage multinational activity successively induce the entry of less productive parent firms. We confirm this asymmetry for the GDPs of the home and host countries, distance, contiguity and other standard gravity equation variables.     

浅谈加入WTO与我国企业的跨国经营

随着中国经济的增长,中国企业走出国门,从事国际化经营的条件已日趋成熟。特别是中国加入WTO后,企业将不可避免的面对跨国企业的竞争,实施国际化经营成为必然。从中国企业的对外投资现状来看,与外国跨国企业的差距还比较大。我国企业应抓住加入WTO所带来的机遇,成功实施国际化经营战略。     

Impact of ownership and location factors on service multinationals' internalisation

Foreign direct investment in the service sector has been gaining importance in the past decade as more countries transform themselves into post-industrialised economies. The transition from a centrally planned economy to market-based economy has generated a surge of foreign direct investment from industrialised countries to Central and Eastern European Countries. This paper examines the impact of ownership and location factors on the extent of internalisation for service multinationals seeking to enter into the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, as these countries launch their economies towards increased privatisation, deregulation, and liberalisation. Using foreign direct investment data of 76 firms during 1990–2000, we find significant support for our main hypotheses.     

制造业及物流业吸收FDI对我国对外贸易的影响研究

外商直接投资(FDI)作为跨国公司经营资源的综合体,成为发达国家向发展中国家进行技术转移和扩散的重要载体。由于我国物流服务水平低,目前进入我国的制造业、商贸业的跨国公司,通常要把其物流的国际合作伙伴带入中国。随着全球产业的转移,中国成为世界制造业中心,外资物流也随着制造业的转移进入中国。本文在对FDI结构变化分析的基础上,结合我国FDI结构现状,探讨我国吸收FDI的对策。     

外商直接投资对我国加工贸易影响实证研究

外商直接投资推动了我国加工贸易的发展,但还存在加工贸易增值率低、加工贸易关联度差以及容易导致贸易摩擦的问题。为了实现我国对外贸易的可持续发展,应该提高内资企业的配套能力,加大跨国公司的本地采购;优化产品结构,提高产品附加值;鼓励内资企业开展加工贸易。     

我国外汇储备增长因素的实证分析

我国我汇储备的快速增长及高额的外汇储备规模已经引发了国内学术界的广泛讨论。从我国外汇储备来源看,我国外汇快速增长的主要原因是贸易顺差、外商直接投资和投资热钱。而要控制我国外汇储备的快速增长,必须对外贸政策、外资政策和汇率政策等宏观经济政策进行调整。     

中国对外直接投资发展阶段研究

随着我国国际竞争力的不断增强和"走出去"战略的逐步实施,我国已经成为世界上主要的对外直接投资来源地。本文运用最新的经济统计数据,对我国经济发展水平和对外直接投资之间的关系进行实证研究,以此分析判断我国对外直接投资所处的发展阶段和未来趋势。结果表明:一方面,我国的对外直接投资与邓宁的投资发展周期理论相吻合;另一方面,我国现阶段的对外直接投资实际情况与理论预期还存在一定的差距,对外直接投资的发展阶段滞后于经济发展水平。     

外国应对贸易保护经验谈及对我国的启示

经济学者普遍认为,在世界经济的繁荣期,政府决策偏向自由贸易;经济危机后,世界各国在呼吁国际合作同时,却又采取着不同形式的贸易保护政策,尽管贸易自由化已经是大势所趋,但各国的贸易保护却愈演愈烈,中国作为有着勃勃生机的新生经济体,受到多国政府的频频发难,已成为遭受贸易保护主义损失最大的国家之一,应对贸易保护已是当务之急。回顾别国在经济发展中应对贸易摩擦的经验,得到我国应对贸易摩擦的有益启示。     

外资进入我国商业零售业问题研究

零售业是中国对外开放较晚的领域。加入WTO后我国服务业的开放领域大大拓宽,商业零售领域对外商的吸引力日益彰显。全球知名的零售企业目前在中国零售业格局中已扮演重要角色。因此,必须分析外资进入我国商业零售业的规模、方式及所带来的相关效应。     

On the Irrelevance of Mercosur: Evidence From Foreign Direct Investment

ABSTRACT

This article utilizes data from more than 100 countries over 30 years to identify the key factors that make a country more attractive to foreign direct investment (FDI). We find evidence that a country's potential marginal returns to capital, available infrastructure, degree of trade openness, labor force qualification, and macroeconomic stability have a positive impact on FDI inflows. Our estimates capture a change in the role played by trade protection and an increase in the importance of human capital as globalization progressed. An application of our models illustrates why Mercosur countries have underperformed their peers in attracting FDI.     

经济发展水平对我国对外直接投资影响的实证研究

近30年来,我国经济一直保持较快的增长速度,我国不仅作为世界经济最具活力的地区而吸引了大量来自世界各地的投资,而且,正在成为新兴的以对外直接投资来参与世界经济的重要力量。通过运用格兰杰因果关系,对我国经济发展水平与我国对外直接投资间的关系进行了实证分析和检验,也进一步说明了我国的经济增长与对外直接投资具有明显的相关性,且经济增长成为推动我国对外直接投资的原因。     

基于企业性质的贸易顺差与贸易摩擦分析

随着我国贸易顺差的不断上升和贸易摩擦案件的频发,贸易顺差和贸易摩擦的问题引起了广泛的关注。通过理论分析和实证分析的方法,本文从企业性质的角度研究了我国贸易顺差和贸易摩擦的形成原因及其相互关系,研究表明内需不足、人民币估值过低并不是我国贸易顺差形成的原因,而是大额贸易顺差所产生的结果;我国贸易顺差的形成是外商直接投资企业推动的国际分工体系深化的结果,与企业性质存在着直接的联系。     

Subsidiary goals,learning orientations,and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises: evidence from foreign direct investments in Korea

This paper investigates the links among subsidiary goals, learning orientations, and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The authors hypothesize that an MNE's ownership strategy is determined by subsidiary goals and learning orientations. Furthermore, interactions between learning orientations and subsidiary goals are predicted to influence the ownership strategy. Based on 723 foreign subsidiaries of MNEs operating in Korea, our findings suggest that when MNE foreign subsidiaries influence ownership choice, market-seeking goals and resource-seeking goals have a stronger fit with the exploitation orientation than with the exploration orientation. In contrast, the category of knowledge-seeking goals has a stronger fit with exploration than with exploitation.