Institutions for Financial Development: What are they and where do they come from?

Abstract.  Among the fundamental causes of long-run economic performance, differences in 'institutions' have received considerable attention in recent years. At the same time, a large body of theoretical and empirical work shows that financial development can have a big effect on economic performance. This raises the more fundamental question as to why some countries have developed financial markets while others do not. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical research on this issue and shows that one of the channels whereby better institutions may have an effect on economic development is through the consolidation of larger and better financial markets. An issue that is left aside in this paper relates to what regulations and policies lead to better functioning capital markets. At some level, one can think of regulations and policies as particular types of institutions. Nonetheless, institutional problems are deeper causes leading to poor economic performance; bad policies might simply be part of the channels through which they influence performance. Thus, addressing the question of what determines the emergence of 'good' institutions – i.e. institutions that promote financial development – seems particularly important. Recent research providing some answers to this question is also reviewed.     

Estimating causal effects of credit decisions

In principle, making credit decisions under uncertainty can be approached by estimating the potential future outcomes that will result from the various decision alternatives. In practice, estimation difficulties may arise as a result of selection bias and limited historic testing. We review some theoretical results and practical estimation tools from observation study design and causal modeling, and evaluate their relevance to credit decision problems. Building on these results and tools, we propose a novel approach for estimating potential outcomes for credit decisions with multiple alternatives based on matching on multiple propensity scores. We demonstrate the approach and discuss results for risk-based pricing and credit line increase problems. Among the strengths of our approach are its transparency about data support for the estimates and its ability to incorporate prior knowledge in the extrapolative inference of treatment-response curves.     

格兰杰因果性检验评述

格兰杰因果性检验是计量经济学中最常用的因果性检验方法,但是因为种种原因,目前很多实证研究存在着对该检验方法的模糊认识和不正确运用。本文回顾了格兰杰因果性检验的发展脉络,对国内目前在实际运用格兰杰因果性时存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

金融租赁债权证券化研究

本文从证券化的角度出发,剖析金融租赁债权证券化的概念与特点,并深入探讨金融租赁债权证券化的结构形式,最后本文总结金融租赁债权证券化的特点。     

MIGRATION AND INSTITUTIONS: EXIT AND VOICE (FROM ABROAD)?

A rapidly growing body of research examines the relationship between migration and institutions. Three strands of studies can be distinguished. Some studies focused on the role of domestic and foreign institutions in the decision to migrate. Others were interested by the impact of migration on institutional reforms in migrants' countries of origin. Recent studies focus on how migrants affect social and informal institutions in the destination countries. This survey puts together these three strands of literature with three purposes. First, we offer a short definition and synthetic typology of institutions, which provide a guide to understand several studies we have critically reviewed. Second, our analysis is presented following the analytic framework exit, voice, and loyalty of Hirschman in order to highlight the brain gain phenomenon for developing countries, from an institutional point of view. Third, we review the limited existing work on the very timely topic, whether migrants are harmful or not to institutions in the host countries.     

The theory of contests: a survey

This paper presents a survey of the theory of contests. This paper is an outgrowth of lecture notes of Ph.D. courses given in Carlos III University, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universidad de Málaga. I would especially like to thank to Carmen Beviá for her comments and suggestions and Matthias Dahm for allowing me free access to a joint paper and for correcting many mistakes and very helpful suggestions. I also thank Clara Eugenia García, Cristian Litan, Carlos Pimienta, Santiago Sánchez-Pages, Ramon Torregrosa, Galina Zudenkova and the students of this course for their helpful comments and CAICYT for research grant SEJ2005-06167/ECON.     

论事业单位财务管理

综述了目前事业单位财务管理仍然存在的诸多问题,并针对这些问题就如何规范财务主体的行为、堵塞漏洞、节约财政资金、提高经济运行质量,提出了具体的建议和措施。     

新时期农户金融需求:现状、特点及对策——基于浙江的实证

通过对浙江省农户金融需求状况调查发现,农户的借贷需求呈现多样化特征,生活性资金需求比例较高;农户对信用社的了解和认知程度不高,民间借贷是农户融资的主要渠道;农户对其它金融需求的了解意愿比较强烈。因此,地方政府和金融监管部门对民间金融应积极引导,加强监管,使其成为正规金融的有益补充。而作为担当支农主力军角色的农村信用社应深化改革,开发多样性信贷产品,满足农户多样化的金融需求。最后还要通过金融知识下乡等方式,让农户了解金融常识。     

实施ERP系统对企业财务管理的作用

ERP环境中财务管理是集成信息的财务管理,具有数据集成、计算简捷、处理信息方法多元、存储方式电予化等特点,对企业的成本控制、往来账管理、快捷编制财务报表等十分有益。     

增值税会计模式探索

本文认为现行增值税的会计处理以“代理说”为基础,会计模式完全顺从税法,没有反映增值税的真正内涵,违背了会计原则,严重地影响会计信息质量。本文建议在增值税转型之际,应该明确增值税真正身份,以“费用说”替代“代理说”,建立财税分离的增值税会计模式,给增值税在损益表中应有地位。     

公共财政体制下行政成本控制的经济效率研究

本文认为，行政成本作为政府对经济资源的消耗，可以按不同的标准进行分类研究。在当前不断深化公共财政体制改革的特殊时期，党中央提出可持续发展观和“以人为本”的理念，客观上要求控制行政成本、建立廉价政府，以减轻民众负担，重塑党政威望。     

论基于利益相关者债权人财务

公司财务的价值导向逐渐由股东利益向相关者利益演进,与此伴随的是利益相关者财务的出现。本文基于利益相关者财务的前提讨论债权人财务,认为我国的债权人有能力和动力参与公司财务治理,并对债权人财务的理论基础,特征及作用等进行了探讨。     

企业并购财务问题研究——目标公司并购的估价

随着我国市场经济的发展和经济全球化的推进,企业并购重组成为企业成长发展最为重要的经营战略之一,而目标企业的价值认定和估价被认为是并购交易行为的核心,能否确定合理的收购价格关系并购的成败。本文在借鉴国内外企业价值估价理论和经验的基础上,结合我国实际情况,分析了各种估价方法的优劣和适用范围。     

我国养老基金投资的财务分析

养老基金在资本市场中的投资回报是养老基金增值的唯一途径,如何投资运营养老基金是养老金计划中最重要的财务决策。随着我国人口老龄化程度的提高,养老基金的支出压力越来越大。为此,有必要对我国养老基金的投资现状进行分析,探寻提高我国养老基金运作效率的方法和途径,真正实现养老基金的保值增值。     

财政支出绩效管理:合格公共服务型政府的要求

随着公共财政框架的初步确立和财政支出规模的逐渐增大,支出管理改革也逐渐成为我国财政管理改革的重点。加强财政支出绩效管理,确保财政资金运行的安全、可靠、准确、高效,是提高财政工作质量的关键环节,同时有助于各级政府强化“花钱”的责任意识,促进形成追踪问效的管理理念,推动政府由经济建设型向公共服务型的转变。     

Rationality, Ethnicity And Institutions: A Survey Of Issues And Results

Abstract.  This paper focuses on the relationship between institutions and ethnocentrism as discussed in the rational choice literature. The institutional environment can influence both the formation and the expression of ethnic tastes by rational individuals. Ethnocentrism is likely to be mitigated by, on the one hand, a private sector characterized by a wide and competitive market with effective property right and antitrust law enforcement provided by non-ethnic institutions and, on the other hand, a public sector which is characterized by institutional restrictions on the differential fiscal or regulatory treatment on the basis of ethnicity, a redistributive system based on non-ethnic criteria and finally, the possibility for decentralized collective decision making. These insights may be of particular utility when designing the institutions of potentially divided multi-ethnic states.