消费需求与国内旅游消费需求的周期性波动同步吗——基于MS-VAR模型时变特征的分析

系统把握消费需求与国内旅游消费需求的周期运行规律与联动机制,是提升我国消费需求与旅游消费需求的协同增长水平、促进需求结构转型升级的关键。文章基于宏观动态演进视角,构建马尔科夫区制转移向量自回归模型（MS-VAR）,通过变量协整分析、模型拟合、周期阶段划分以及格兰杰因果关系检验等动态计量分析过程探究二者周期联动规律。结果证实,消费需求与国内旅游消费需求的周期波动具有同步性,且这一关系形式实则是消费需求周期波动引发旅游消费需求同步变动的结果。文章认为,二者周期同步变动本质上是经济转型过程中,消费结构根据实际购买力水平和消费倾向,不断变更总体消费规模和服务型消费比重,以实现整体消费与局部支出协同增长的自组织与他组织过程。增强二者协同增长水平和推动消费结构优化转型,则需要产业政策与消费政策的共同调节和适时引导。     

The international transmission of oil-price effects and OPEC's pricing policy

Analyses of oil-price effects generally maintain the assumption that oil importers can be treated as small economies, which allows oil-price changes to be treated as exogenously set by OPEC. Analyses of oil-price determination rely on the assumption that the demand for oil is a stable function, which implies that real income of oil importers is unaffected by oil-price changes. Our analysis treats oil prices and economic activity as jointly determined. The effects of exogenous oil-price changes are studied in a simple theoretical world model. Hotelling's analysis is generalized to allow for both oil-price feedback effects and stabilization policies.     

Redistribution in a Neo‐Kaleckian Two‐country Model

We investigate the interaction between demand‐driven growth and income distribution in open economies, by combining expenditure‐switching and demand spillover effects in a neo‐Kaleckian two country model. First, we specify elasticities of wage share and real exchange rate to the money wage relative to labor productivity, in order to precisely describe the distributive pass‐through from money wages to the labor share and the real exchange rate. Second, we analyze the demand effects of an increase in the money wage for given labor productivity (a redistribution towards labor) in both Home and Foreign country, as well as globally. We derive closed form results for two identical countries. These results indicate that redistribution towards labor at Home: (i) always increases growth globally if Home is wage‐led, but can lead to lower growth at Home relative to Foreign; and (ii) will always imply lower growth at Home relative to Foreign if Home is profit‐led, but can still be growth‐enhancing at Home. Thus, to the extent that countries are concerned with their relative economic performance, a fallacy of composition can emerge. Numerical simulations suggest that these fallacies could indeed occur. As a consequence, ‘returns to coordination’ over international labor policies might be substantial.     

Optimal fiscal policy in a small open economy with limited commitment

We introduce limited commitment into a standard optimal fiscal policy model in small open economies. We consider the problem of a benevolent government that signs a risk-sharing contract with the rest of the world, and that has to choose optimally distortionary taxes on labor income, domestic debt and international transfers. Both the home country and the rest of the world may have limited commitment, which means that they can leave the contract if they find it convenient. The contract is designed so that, at any point in time, neither party has incentives to exit. We define a small open emerging economy as an economy where the limited commitment problem is active in equilibrium. Conversely, a small open developed economy is an economy in which the commitment problem is not active. Our model is able to rationalize some stylized facts about fiscal policy in emerging economies: i) the volatility of tax revenues over GDP is higher in emerging economies than in developed ones; ii) fiscal policy is procyclical in emerging economies; iii) emerging economies may “graduate” from procyclical fiscal policy and adopt countercyclical policies in the long run.     

Lessons for African Economies from Irish and East Asian Industrial Policy

When comparisons in terms of industrial policy lessons to be learned have taken place, it has tended to be solely vis-a-vis the ‘development state’ East Asian experience. This paper broadens the analysis and considers lessons which African countries can learn from other so-called ‘tiger’ economies including Ireland and the East and South Asian countries. We recognise that the latter are indeed clearly significant as many African countries at the time of independence had economic structures and levels of income quite similar to East Asian countries, yet have grown at vastly different rates since then. Exploring why this has been the case can thus offer important insights into possibilities for industrial policy. Yet this comes with some health warnings over East Asian experience. We suggest that another important contribution can come by looking at the Irish example, given its emphasis on corporatism rather than simply relying on state direction in the operation of industrial policy. The Irish model is also more democratic in some senses and has protected workers’ rights during the development process in contrast to the often highly dirigisite East Asian model. Overall we suggest that some immediate actions are needed, notably with regard to the financial system in small African economies. Without such changes, a poorly functioning financial system will continue to keep investment at low levels. In relation to the small size of the African economies, the paper recommends regional integration and sufficient overseas development assistance (ODA) for infrastructural development. It is also critical to note that the various small African economies each face their own industrial and economic development challenges, and that a ‘one size fits all’ approach is not appropriate; rather the key is to tailor policies and systems to the unique opportunities and development challenges in each African country.     

WAGE POLICY IN AN OPEN‐ECONOMY KALECKI–KALDOR MODEL: A SIMULATION STUDY

This paper discusses a Post‐Keynesian model of income, production and trade. The one‐country, one‐sector model features Kaleckian investment demand, Kaldorian productivity and a labor market module based on a wage–price spiral. The model is first presented for a closed economy with exogenous real wages; second, for a closed economy with endogenous real wages; third, for an economy open to trade with endogenous real wages. Simulations with different calibrations show key characteristics of the model. Monte Carlo simulations over reasonable parameter ranges shed some light on the effectiveness of wage policies in open economies.     

Micro and small enterprise participation in tourism in coastal Kenya

Small business participation in tourism can help diversify income and contribute to poverty reduction in some circumstances. We examined micro and small enterprise (MSE) participation in tourism and the linkages between tourism businesses and MSEs in the coastal region of Kenya, using data from two surveys involving 449 MSEs and 49 hotels. Tobit regression was used to estimate the determinants of MSE participation in tourism, as well as the proportion of products purchased by hotels from MSEs. The results indicated that older, larger MSEs and those that were members of associations were more likely to participate in tourism. The determinants of hotel procurement from MSEs included age of the hotel, bed capacity, and management characteristics. The results highlight the opportunities and barriers for MSE participation in tourism and have implications for policies related to sustainable tourism development, regional economic development, and enhancement of rural livelihoods.     

How Could the South Respond to Secular Stagnation in the North?

Developed countries face the risk of a sustained lack of aggregate demand, that is, secular stagnation. Demand‐oriented growth models emphasising the balance‐of‐payments constraint raise concerns about attendant adverse growth impacts on developing countries from reduced export growth. These concerns are well‐founded, albeit less serious than the simplest versions of these models would imply. Relaxing their assumptions and emphasising cumulative causation forces from domestic‐demand growth and relative price effects indicates how developing countries can combine export and domestic‐demand based strategies and how changed policies can maintain rapid growth while reducing the income elasticity of import demand.     

Tourism development,environmental pollution and economic growth: A theoretical analysis

We develop a two-sector dynamic model of a less-developed economy with an imported traded good sector and with a non-traded tourism service sector serving international tourists. Revenue earned from tourism finances imports. The model takes care of the negative effect of tourism development on environmental pollution. Environmental quality and capital stock accumulates over time. We analyse comparative steady-state effects and show that tourism development raises the level of capital stock as well as national income but lowers the quality of environment in the new steady-state equilibrium leading to a relative expansion (contraction) of the capital (labour) intensive non-tourism (tourism) sector. Pollution abatement policy produces a completely opposite effect; and so tourism development policies are to be accompanied by pollution abatement policies in order to ensure green growth.     

大兴安岭地区主导产业的选择研究

基于有利于发挥大兴安岭地区的生态资源优势、具有较快增长速度和较强发展潜力及较高的产业关联度的原则,结合大兴安岭地区产业发展的实际情况和相关数据的可获得性,采用区位熵、需求收入弹性和综合因素三种分析方法进行分析,筛选出具有发展潜力和辐射带动能力的主导产业分别是：低碳旅游业和林产工业、新材料产业,将很快形成较大的经济产出;寒温带生物产业等行业是快速推进主导产业培育的捷径;房地产业将成为大兴安岭未来产业发展的支柱之一。     

我国旅游业发展与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于1985—2009年数据

本文基于向量自回归模型对我国旅游业发展与经济增长关系进行实证研究。Johansen协整检验表明,我国旅游业与经济增长存在长期均衡稳定关系,经济增长对国内旅游的弹性约为0．21,国际旅游对国内旅游的弹性约为1．18。Granger因果检验表明,存在经济增长到国内旅游、国际旅游到国内旅游的单向因果关系。脉冲响应函数曲线表明,我国旅游业与经济增长之间存在较强的正向交互响应作用。方差分解分析了三个变量每一结构冲击对内生变量变化的贡献度。在此基础上,本文提出了进一步加快我国旅游业发展的相关政策建议。     

国内市场发展战略的演化逻辑

国内市场是大国经济超大规模性的比较优势。促进形成强大国内市场是新时代中国推进经济高质量发展的战略选择。促进形成强大国内市场的演化逻辑是：经济发展阶段演进促使经济发展模式从投资主导型向消费主导型转变；技术进步推动经济发展战略从出口导向型向内需主导型转变；需求结构演进规律决定政府政策支持国内市场发展；供需结构性错配需要通过供给侧结构性改革提升国内供需质量。经济发展过程中生产与消费的相对地位发生变化。经济发展重心从生产转向消费是上述演化逻辑的基础。促进形成强大国内市场需要“供给—需求—市场”全方位的政策体系支撑。     

用函数解析商品流通中的需求弹性

本文对经济活动中商品的价格弹性,收入弹性和质量弹性及其应用进行了分析,并用高等数学的方法对获取最大经济利益的问题进行了探索,得出了商品的需求弹性为价格弹性、收入弹性与质量弹性之和。     

Economic transformation, population growth and the long-run world income distribution

We present and calibrate a model where trade with advanced economies spurs development, and trade opportunities depend on the relative population in advanced and developing countries. As developing countries become advanced, prospects improve for the remaining developing countries. If population growth differentials between developing and advanced economies are small, economic development accelerates over time. Otherwise, long-run global prosperity requires a sufficiently large initial population in advanced countries. More open countries develop faster, but more openness by all developing countries may only modestly increase their aggregate growth. China's development may hurt developing countries in the short-run, but improves their long-run prospects.     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION,TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

This paper explores the features of a dynamic multisectoral model that focuses on the relationship between income distribution, growth and international specialization. The model is explored both for the steady‐state properties and the transitory dynamics of integrated economies. Income inequality affects the patterns of growth and international specialization as the model uses non‐linear Engel curves and hence different income groups are characterized by different expenditure patterns. At the same time income distribution is also reflected in the relative wage rates of skilled to unskilled workers, i.e. the skill premium, and hence the wage structure affects comparative costs of industries which have different skill intensities. The model is applied to a situation that analyses qualitatively different economic development strategies of catching‐up economies (a ‘Latin American’ scenario and a ‘East Asian’ scenario).     

Are Center Cities the Engines of Growth for their Suburbs?

For decades, center cities of metropolitan areas were regarded as the growth engines of their suburbs. However, this paradigm has been shifting in the past twenty years in Virginia, where suburbs have been growing faster than center cities. Consequently, there is a need in economic development communities to re-evaluate the economic relationship between center cities and their suburbs. This paper develops a statistical test to determine the cause-effect ties between these two economies and concludes that Virginia’s cities are no longer the growth engines of their suburbs. The opposite is almost true: suburbs are on the verge of becoming the leaders for city economic growth. To further the understanding of what drives the city/suburban economy, the study also tests the cause-effect relationship between population growth and employment growth and finds that population growth still exerts a strong influence on employment growth. This knowledge can be useful in designing policies to promote the economic growth of both cities and suburbs. JEL Classification R110, R230     

Outlook of World Economy——Sustaining the Recovery

Afier a deep global recession, economic growth has turned positive, as wide-ranging public intervention has supported demand and lowered uncertainty and .systemic risk in financial markets. The recovery is expected to be slow, as financial systems remain impaired, support from public policies will gradually have to be withdrawn, and households in economies that suffered asset price busts will continue to rebuild savings while struggling with high unemployment.     

Macroprudential policies,economic growth and banking crises

Using a sample covering emerging market and advanced economies, we assess the impact of macroprudential policies on financial stability. Our empirical setup is designed to account for the potential direct and indirect effects that macroprudential policies can have on banking crises. We find that while macroprudential policies (MPPs) exert a direct stabilizing effect, they also have an indirect destabilizing effect, which works through the depressing of economic growth. It turns out that mitigating effects of MPPs on the likelihood of banking crises is more pronounced in emerging market economies relative to advanced economies.     

农村居民收入增长的要素贡献分析

通过构建一个衡量各要素对农村居民收入增长贡献的模型并采取面板数据模型进行分析,得出了各要素的弹性系数,在此基础上计算了1988—2005年间各要素的贡献,据此提出了加快农村居民收入增长的相应措施。     

技术进步方向、资本-劳动替代弹性对中国农业经济增长的影响

本文从理论上分析了资本-劳动替代弹性和技术进步方向对农业经济增长的影响,估算了28个省份1978-2013年要素替代弹性和技术进步偏向指数。研究结果显示,要素替代弹性大于1,技术进步主要偏向于资本;要素替代弹性和技术进步偏向指数与农业经济增长率呈正相关关系,即要素替代弹性促进农业经济增长,在要素替代弹性大于1的情况下,技术进步偏向资本促进农业经济增长。