大客户提升抑或降低了公司供应链透明度?——基于供应商名称信息披露的经验证据北大核心

利用我国上市公司对于前5名供应商名称和采购额信息的自愿披露这一数据,本文研究了大客户对于上市公司供应链透明度的影响,即具体考察客户集中度是提升抑或降低了上市公司对于其主要供应商名称信息的自愿披露。本文的研究结果表明,大客户会提升上市公司的供应链透明度,即客户集中度越高,上市公司自愿披露其主要供应商名称信息的可能性越大;进一步的研究发现,在关系专有化投资越多的公司、供应商集中度越低的公司、处于重污染行业的公司,上述两者之间的正相关关系有所增强。本文的研究不仅在供应链信息自愿披露与客户集中度的经济后果两方面具有重要的理论研究意义,而且对于推动我国企业构建可持续供应链,进而提升我国全球竞争力与实现经济高质量发展具有重要的现实启示意义。     

客户信息评价及信用控制——应收账款风险管理问题浅析

客户信用评价及信用控制制度能有效降低应收账款风险。本文阐述了我国应收账款管理现状,提出了解决对策,并以X公司为例分析了其实施信用控制的过程,阐述了信用控制制度对企业的必要性。最后就信用控制的效果进行了评价,以期为企业应收账款的管理提供思路。     

论应收账款的催收管理

应收帐款是企业为了稳定销售渠道,面向客户提供信用业务所累积的款项。它是企业顺利运营的前提,但也增加了企业的经营风险。本文首先通过对应收账款成因的分析,提出了企业应怎样加强应收账款的管理;接着阐述了企业应如何根据自己的实际情况制定良好的信用政策;最后详细介绍了应收账款的催收方案、方法和技巧,以及坏账的预防措施。     

应收账款融资视角下企业商业信用研究

从应收账款融资角度研究企业商业信用活动,内容包括应收账款整体规模、应收账款行业和企业分布、金融危机前后应收账款变化情况等。研究表明大企业大量占用商业信用,中小企业大量商业信用被占用。金融危机前工业净占用商业信用,金融危机后工业净提供商业信用。工业制造业应收账款规模大,应收账款占总资产比重高,应收账款周转期长,大量营运资金被占用。供应链应收账款融资模式创新对企业营运资金回笼有重要意义。     

完善ERP环境下的应收账款管理的探讨

随着公司商业信用的推行,企业应收账款数额普遍明显增多,使得应收账款的增长速度大于收入的增长速度,降低了企业资金的利用效果,加大了企业风险。ERP系统将企业经营过程中的物流、资金流和信息流统一起来进行管理和优化配置,但是也带来了一定的风险。本文就ERP系统与如何利用ERP加强企业应收账款管理,能正确衡量信用风险、合理确定客户信用政策,及时收款作了探讨。     

加强企业应收账款管理的对策

应收账款是企业对外销售产品、提供劳务等形成的尚未收回的销售款项,是企业流动资产中的一个重要项目。企业为了扩大销售,占领市场,往往要采取信用销售的方式,即将产品销售给客户时就产生了应收账款。本文希望通过对我国应收账款管理现状中存在的问题进行分析,与各位读者共同探讨我国企业应收账款管理的对策问题。     

加强企业应收账款管理的对策

应收账款是企业对外销售产品、提供劳务等形成的尚未收回的销售款项,是企业流动资产中的一个重要项目.企业为了扩大销售,占领市场,往往要采取信用销售的方式,即将产品销售给客户时就产生了应收账款.本文希望通过对我国应收账款管理现状中存在的问题进行分析,与各位读者共同探讨我国企业应收账款管理的对策问题.     

应收账款融资:开辟企业融资新渠道

应收账款,指公司因销售商品、产品或提供劳务而形成的债权,即公司应向购货客户或接受劳务的客户收取的款项或代垫的运杂费。应收账款建立在债务人的商业信用的基础之上,因此从其本质上说,应收账款是一种信用债权。应收账款发生后,企业除了积极催收以外,还可想办法利用它。目前,西方国家流行一种应收账款转让的方法,其实质就是利用应收账款进行融资,它在直接有效地规避应收账款所带来的风险的同时,可以迅速地低成本地筹集企业所需的资金,开辟了企业融资的新渠道,这种融资新途径,对于我国盘活大量企业资产、解决中小企业贷款难问题有一定的借鉴意义。     

酒店行业应收账款的过程管理

应收账款是由企业的信用销售行为产生的.企业提供信用销售,在一定程度上可以扩大销售额,提高企业的竞争力;同时也会造成应收账款占用营运资金、产生坏账损失等不良影响.本文从酒店行业出发,提出构建规范的应收账款过程管理的对策.     

企业应收账款分析

现金销售和信用销售是企业最基本的两种销售模式.相比较现金销售而言,信用销售能够提升企业竞争力、扩大销售、提高市场份额以及减少存货,同时也带来大量应收账款.本文对应收账款的问题、研究现状等进行研究,对企业应收账款方面出现的常见问题进行分析,并向企业提供一些应收账款管理建议.     

Trade Credit Terms Offered by Small Firms: Survey Evidence and Empirical Analysis

Trade credit has been shown to be an important source of short-term finance for smaller firms but small firms are also suppliers of trade credit. There is little empirical evidence on the credit granting decisions of small firms. Previous empirical work (Petersen and Rajan, 1997; and Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999) has focused on credit granting and investment in accounts receivable in larger firms. In this paper we look at the influences on credit granting for the smallest firms, using a sample of firms with an average of 10 employees. As in previous studies we find that product and demand characteristics influence credit terms. Moreover, we find evidence that firm size affects credit extension choices directly by setting limits on the possibilities for economies of scale, but it also impacts indirectly by affecting the firm's access to finance and its bargaining strength vis-à-vis suppliers. The dominant position of larger customers in bargaining with small suppliers constrains the impact of other factors on the firm's choice of credit terms. Small firms are also under pressure to conform to industry norms, although lack of resources can be a limiting factor. Constrained firms may make use of two-part terms in an attempt to improve their cashflow.     

Strategic revenue recognition to achieve earnings benchmarks

I examine whether managers use discretion in revenue recognition to avoid three earnings benchmarks. I find that managers use discretion in both accrued revenue (i.e., accounts receivable) and deferred revenue (i.e., advances from customers) to avoid negative earnings surprises, but find little evidence that discretion is used to avoid losses or earnings decreases. For a common sample of firms with both deferred revenue and accounts receivable, I find evidence that managers do not prefer to exercise discretion in either account. However, further tests show that managers preferred to use discretion in deferred revenue before the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 went into effect, consistent with them choosing to manage an account with the lowest real costs to the firm (i.e., future cash consequences). My results suggest that the revenue recognition joint project undertaken by the FASB and IASB to reduce managerial estimation in revenue recognition may have the unintended consequence of leading to greater real costs imposed on shareholders as firms are likely to use even greater discretion in accounts receivable.     

改进型创新抑或突破型创新——基于客户集中度的视角

本文从客户集中度的视角考察其究竟是促进了企业的改进型创新抑或突破型创新。研究结果表明,企业的客户集中度越高,其越倾向于进行突破型创新,但是这种关系只在国有企业以及与主要客户地理位置相似度比较高的企业中显著;对发明专利和实用新型专利分别进行检验的结果表明,在国有企业以及与主要客户地理位置相似度比较高的企业中,客户集中度的提高有助于增加企业申请的发明专利数量,但是并不会对企业申请的实用新型专利数量产生影响。本文的研究不仅为客户集中度究竟是促进了企业改进型创新抑或突破型创新的不同观点提供了一定的经验证据,而且对于我国推进制造强国战略、促进企业转型升级具有重要的启示意义。     

Customer concentration and loan contract terms

We study pricing and non-pricing features of loan contracts to gauge how the credit market evaluates a firm’s customer-base profile and supply-chain relations. Higher customer concentration increases interest rate spreads and the number of restrictive covenants featured in newly initiated as well as renegotiated bank loans. Customer concentration also abbreviates the maturity of those loans as well as the relationship between firms and their banks. These effects are intensified by customers’ financial distress, the level of relationship-specific investments, and the use of trade credit in customer–supplier relations. Our evidence shows that a deeper exposure to a small set of large customers bears negative consequences for a firm’s relations with its creditors, revealing limits to integration along the supply chain.     

Do geographically nearby major customers mitigate suppliers’ stock price crash risk?

This study examines the impact of geographically nearby major customers on suppliers' stock price crash risk. Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms and their top five (major) customers during the period 2008–2019, we find a significantly negative association. This association is robust in a series of robustness checks, including the use of instrumental variables estimations, propensity score matching procedure, and Heckman two-step sample selection model. The mitigating effect of supplier?customer proximity on crash risk is more pronounced for suppliers with lower corporate transparency and greater operational uncertainty. Finally, we identify two possible mechanisms through which geographically nearby major customers reduce suppliers’ crash risk: fewer financial restatements and higher accounting conservatism of suppliers. The findings of this study indicate that listed firms may choose geographically nearby customers to reduce crash risk.     

Do firms use the trade credit channel to manage growth?

While many theories of accounts payable and receivable are related to firm performance, there has not been a direct test whether firms actively use them to manage their growth. We argue that it is not just the accounts payable but also the accounts receivable that matter. While the former help to alleviate imperfections in the financial market, the latter do so in the product market. Using over 2.5 million observations for 600.000 firms in 8 euro area countries in the period 1993–2009, we show that firms use the trade credit channel to manage growth. In countries where the trade credit channel is more present, the marginal impact is lower, but the total impact is still higher. Further, firms that are more vulnerable to financial market imperfections, rely more on the trade credit channel to manage growth. Finally, we show that also the overall conditions of the financial market matter for the importance of the trade credit channel for growth.     

Trade Credit Risk Management: The Role of Executive Risk‐Taking Incentives

In this study we investigate how executive equity incentives affect companies’ risk‐taking behavior in relationships with their customers. We hypothesize and find that executive risk‐taking incentives provided by options are positively related to the degree of trade credit riskiness measured both as the amount of total trade credit a firm extends to all its customers and as the amount of trade credit a firm extends to customers with a high probability of default. We also find that the measures of trade credit riskiness are positively related to the firm's future stock return volatility, suggesting that the customer default risk inherent in customer‐supplier trade credit relationships represents an important economic source of the overall supplier‐firm riskiness. The findings of the study provide insights into why firms facing financial difficulties are not denied trade credit.     

Suppliers' listing status and trade credit provision

We show that public suppliers extend more trade credit than their private counterparts. The impact of stock market listing on accounts receivable is more pronounced among firms that are financially more constrained or more reliant on external finance. Moreover, firms significantly increase their trade credit provision following equity issuances in stock exchanges. These results are consistent with the argument that stock market listing status improves firms' access to external sources of financing, especially equity capital, thus enhancing their ability to offer more trade credit to customers.     

The role of factoring for financing small and medium enterprises

Factoring is explicitly linked to the value of a supplier’s accounts receivable and receivables are sold, rather than collateralized, and factored receivables are not part of the estate of a bankrupt firm. Therefore, factoring may allow a high-risk supplier to transfer its credit risk to higher quality buyers. Empirical tests find that factoring is larger in countries with greater economic development and growth and developed credit information bureaus. “Reverse factoring” may mitigate the problem of borrowers’ informational opacity if only receivables from high-quality buyers are factored. We illustrate the case of the Nafin reverse factoring program in Mexico.