中国与日韩制造业贸易调整成本的经验研究——基于边际产业内贸易分析

本文基于边际产业内贸易分析，分别运用A、B和S指数测度法对1992-2003年间中国与日韩制造业贸易的调整成本进行了经验研究。研究结果表明，中国电气机械及器材制造、普通机械等以资本技术密集型产品为主的行业调整成本较大，而服装及纤维品制造、木材加工等以劳动密集型产品为主的行业调整成本较小。总体而言，这一时期中国与日本制造业贸易调整成本低于中国与韩国制造业贸易调整成本，但是中国与韩国制造业贸易调整成太在1998年詹旱掐千下隆曲而日太惜况却一与此相反．     

北美自由贸易区的产业内贸易和调整成本——基于技术含量的分类

本文首次在产业内贸易运用Lall（2001）的技术含量分类标准，分别测算北美自由贸易区静态的产业内贸易指数（GL）和动态的边际产业内贸易指数（MIIT）。结果显示：一是北美自由贸易区对经济水平差异大的美墨两国和经济水平相似的美加两国的影响不同。二是GL贸易调整成本和边际产业内贸易调整成本两者不一致。三是美加之间贸易调整总体上小于美墨之间的贸易调整成本。     

中韩制造业的互补性与竞争性对中国制造业贸易平衡影响分析

本文利用RCA指数对1995～2002年中韩两国制造业的互补性与竞争性进行了分析,并利用TSI指数分析了两国互补性产业和竞争性产业对中国制造业贸易平衡的影响。结果表明, 中国对韩国具有互补性的多半是劳动密集型和资源密集型产业,中国制造业贸易净收入虽来自这些部门,但对贸易平衡的正向作用有限;韩国对中国具有互补性的是资本密集型重化工产业,中国制造业贸易逆差主要来自于这些部门;两国具有竞争性的是计算机、家电等技术密集型高新产业,中国参与分工的产品处于技术低端,贸易额虽大但净收入较少。两国这种分工是导致中国制造业贸易逆差的主要原因。中国应注重提高传统优势产品的附加值,调整和完善重化工业结构,并向高端领域跨越,建立有竞争力的制造业体系。     

中国制造业国际分工地位研究——基于产业内贸易形态的跨国比较

利用四分位贸易数据,从产业内贸易形态跨国比较的视角,本文对中国制造业国际分工地位进行了研究。结论发现:中国贸易50%以上为低品质垂直产业内贸易,发达国家50%以下为低品质垂直产业内贸易;随着产品技术含量升级,中国低品质垂直产业内贸易比重上升,高技术产品达92.6%;劳动密集型行业以水平产业内贸易为主,技术和资本密集型行业以低品质垂直产业内贸易为主。因此,中国制造业国际分工地位低下,在技术和资本密集型产品上尤为低下。提升"中国制造"国际分工地位,实现"中国制造"到"中国创造"成为当务之急。     

产业集聚与中国企业出口行为:基于企业劳动力成本的研究

文章从企业劳动力成本视角构建了产业集聚与企业出口行为的理论模型,采用微观数据进行计量检验。通过合成工具变量方法解决了产业集聚和企业出口之间的联立方程内生性问题,并通过Heckman二元选择模型解决了选择偏误引起的内生性问题。研究发现,产业集聚显著促进企业出口二元边际,并且通过劳动力蓄水池效应抵消了劳动力成本攀升对企业出口的负向影响。在进一步分析中发现:产业集聚对企业出口的扩展边际存在拟凹型关系,而对企业出口的集约边际存在拟线性关系;贸易自由化强化了产业集聚缓解企业劳动力成本压力所带来的企业出口负效应;本地基础设施有利于企业进入出口市场与扩大企业出口规模;产业集聚通过劳动力蓄水池效应抵消劳动力成本压力所带来的负效应,从行业类型来看技术密集型企业强度最大,从所有制类型来看外商投资企业作用最强,并且对企业出口扩展边际的作用程度大于企业出口集约边际的影响。上述研究结果意味着,扩大贸易开放引进高质量中间产品,完善本地基础设施,大力吸引人才形成人才集聚和产业集聚互动,是提升中国企业出口核心竞争力的重要路径。     

金融危机前中国经济发展模式反思与后危机时代战略选择

文章运用投入产出法,根据2002年和2007年中国42部门投入产出表以及OECD美国2007年的投入产出表计算了中国及美国高技术产业和传统工业的完全消耗系数,结合两国高技术产业的发展情况,对两国产业升级情况进行定量对比分析。分析表明中国技术密集型产业对高技术产业的消耗尤为突出,而劳动密集型产业对高技术密集型产业消耗较低。并依据数据为我国产业发展提出建议。     

中国与韩国产业内贸易的实证研究——以资本和技术密集型产品贸易为例

中韩两国的产业内贸易近年来发展比较快,尤其表现在资本和技术密集型产品的产业内贸易上。本文考察了影响两国资本和技术密集型产品产业内贸易指数的因素,表明我国的经济发展水平和吸收韩国的直接投资水平与产业内贸易指数有很强的相关关系,而且双边产业内贸易仍是以技术差距导致的垂直型产业内贸易为主要形式。这种分析表明,我国的产业结构和贸易结构有待进一步改善。     

高技术产业对传统工业的波及影响分析

文章运用投入产出法,根据2002年和2007年中国42部门投入产出表以及OECD美国2007年的投入产出表计算了中国及美国高技术产业和传统工业的完全消耗系数,结合两国高技术产业的发展情况,对两国产业升级情况进行定量对比分析。分析表明中国技术密集型产业对高技术产业的消耗尤为突出,而劳动密集型产业对高技术密集型产业消耗较低。并依据数据为我国产业发展提出建议。     

中国与南非双边贸易的实证研究

南非是非洲经济最发达的国家,是中国在非洲的重要贸易伙伴,双方正在进行自由贸易区谈判。本文通过对中国与南非双边贸易数据的整理计算,通过比较双边贸易量、双边贸易商品部门结构,运用两国进出口比率、产业内贸易指数及显性比较优势指数,对两国双边贸易差异性和互补性对中国与南非的双边贸易关系做了实证研究。结果表明,在能源等矿产品上南非处于比较优势,对于一些劳动密集型产品中国处于比较优势,主要以产业间贸易为主;而对于一些低附加值加工品,则以产业间贸易为主。     

中国和波兰产业竞争力研究

该文利用UN Comtrade和世界银行数据库中中国和波兰2007-2020年货物贸易数据,计算并比较两国显性比较优势指数、相对产业出口优势和出口增长率优势指数,从宏观产业层面和中观制造业层面对两国各产业综合竞争力水平进行了实证分析。结果表明,两国在资源密集型产业具有很强的互补性,扩大波兰对中国食品、饮料和烟草的出口有助于改善中波贸易不平衡现象,两国均在劳动密集型产业具有较强的国际竞争力和出口优势,出口产品出现部分重合,可以通过制造业产业升级和对外直接投资的方式,有效利用对方地缘优势和劳动力成本优势,进一步提高出口附加值,切实保证双边经贸合作长期互惠共赢发展。     

Integration and intra-industry trade adjustment in South Africa

This article analyses intra-industry trade adjustment by the Southern African Customs Union after 1994, and links between trade liberalisation and employment are examined. The traditional Grubel-Lloyd index is complemented by marginal inter- and intra-industry trade measures, and trade expansion of sectors is scaled, related to change in total exports and imports. In three different empirical approaches, large differences are found: in the level of intra-industry trade (IIT) between different sectors (categorised into resource-based, labour-intensive, scale-intensive and differentiated industries); in the level of IIT of individual sectors in trade with the SADC6, the European Union and the rest of the world; and in the economic significance of trade expansion for different industries and with different trading partners. Trade expansion is dominated by differentiated and scale-intensive industries, indicating that the main economic gain of international integration is found in the opportunity to exploit economies of scale in a larger market. IIT and marginal IIT are positively related to increases in labour productivity, and negatively related to employment change. Interindustry trade and both export and import expansions are positively related to employment gain, but only export is positively related to increased labour productivity.     

中日双边产业内贸易及影响因素实证研究

本文利用产业内贸易指数对1988～2008年中日贸易数据的分析结果显示:产业内贸易已成为两国贸易的重要组成部分,其中制成品特别是SITC5+7类资本或技术密集型制成品的产业内贸易特征尤为明显。进一步分析表明,中日产业内贸易比重的提升主要得益于垂直型产业内贸易的发展,且中国在中日垂直型产业内贸易中整体居于贸易劣势地位。对中日产业内贸易影响因素的回归结果显示:中日人均GDP差异、市场规模以及日本对华直接投资与中日产业内贸易正相关,而中日市场规模差异与中日产业内贸易负相关。     

FDI与垂直型产业内贸易实证研究——基于中日统计数据的Granger因果检验

基于Fukao等人(2003)的模型对FDI与垂直型产业内贸易的分析结果表明,在FDI成本与贸易成本较低的条件下,当两国存在资源禀赋差异时,FDI会引起两国间垂直型产业内贸易。进一步利用1988年至2009年中日贸易数据的指数进行分析的结果表明:产业内贸易已成为两国贸易的重要组成部分,其中SITC 7类机电产品产业内贸易特征尤为明显,而中日产业内贸易比重的提升则主要得益于垂直型产业内贸易的发展。而Granger因果检验的结果证实了理论分析的结论。     

Intra-Industry Trade Expansion and Employment Reallocation between Sectors and Occupations

This paper re-examines the relationship between trade and labour market adjustment costs by explicitly considering the effects of occupational mobility. We investigate the hypothesis that intra-industry trade expansion entails lower adjustment costs than inter-industry trade expansion—the so-called Smooth Adjustment Hypothesis (SAH). This paper makes two new contributions. First, the introduction of a new adjustment variable that considers reallocation between sectors and occupations. Second, a test of the SAH using panel data with relevant trade and non-trade control variables, which overcomes some of the methodological limitations of former studies. The results suggest a confirmation of the SAH and stress the importance of considering the effects of worker moves between occupations in the study of trade-induced adjustment. JEL no. F12, F16, J62     

On the Measurement of Changes in Product Quality in Marginal Intra-Industry Trade

There is a long established thread of the international trade literature concerned with the measurement of intra-industry trade (IIT). Two distinct strands of the literature have developed: First, measures of marginal IIT that are concerned with the adjustment implications of volume-based changes in IIT; second, measures of vertical and horizontal IIT that are concerned with quality-based differences in IIT. This paper marries the two literatures to provide a new perspective on the smooth adjustment hypothesis debate and suggests the use of the marginal product quality index, a new measure of changes in quality in matched trade changes that complements dynamic measures of volume-based IIT. JEL no.  F19     

“金砖四国”产业内贸易的经济效应分析

文章利用加权产业内贸易指标、产业内贸易与贸易额和GDP之间的相关关系对＂金砖四国＂产业内贸易的经济效应进行实证分析。结果显示推动四国贸易的主要是产业间贸易,中国与印度产业内贸易总体水平最高,但中国与巴西的贸易额对加权产业内贸易指数的弹性系数最大,中国与俄罗斯双边产业内贸易对推动两国GDP的作用最为突出。     

国家特征视角下中国产业内贸易决定因素实证研究——基于2000～2007年面板数据的分析

本文首先运用边际产业内贸易指数对2000～2007年中国的总体、水平型和垂直型产业内贸易水平分别加以测度,然后运用面板数据从国家特征角度对产业内贸易决定因素进行跨时期实证研究。结果表明:经济规模、外商直接投资和贸易不平衡是影响我国产业内贸易的主要国家特征因素,其中,经济规模与我国产业内贸易尤其是水平型产业内贸易呈正相关,且显著性有增强趋势;外商直接投与我国产业内贸易呈负相关,且影响程度有减弱趋势;贸易不平衡与我国总体、水平型和垂直型产业内贸易都呈明显负相关,且影响程度有增强趋势。另外,地理位置和政治文化因素对我国产业内贸易发展也有不容忽视的影响。     

Trade Costs and Intra-Industry Trade

Formal economic modeling of intra-industry trade ignores transportation or, more broadly, trade costs. Yet, as Anderson and van Wincoop (2004) suggest, trade costs are quite large. This paper extends work by Bergstrand (1990) that addressed intra-industry trade in the explicit presence of trade costs. In the context of a Helpman–Krugman-cum-trade-costs model, we derive four empirically testable hypotheses regarding intra-industry trade and trade costs. These hypotheses are investigated empirically using a cross-section of bilateral OECD Grubel–Lloyd indexes. The results are strongly in accordance with the hypotheses, indicating the importance of a more rigorous and systematic treatment of trade costs in the intra-industry trade literature. JEL no. F14, F15     

Intra-industry trade in manufactures: The case of Korea

Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactures: The Case of Korea. - This paper provides an empirical analysis of intra-industry trade (IIT) in Korea's foreign trade. First, we measure the share of IIT in Korea's trade of manufactures from 1977 to 1986. The share of IIT increased from 0.350 in 1977 to 0.502 in 1985, but declined to 0.421 in 1986. Second, we test hypotheses regarding country characteristics of IIT. Using the unadjusted Grubel-Lloyd index with a trade imbalance variable in the regression equations, we show that the extent of IIT is: (1) negatively correlated with differences in per capita incomes and with “economic distances” between Korea and its trading partners, and (2) positively correlated with the trade intensity between Korea and its trading partners and with the existence of a common cultural background.     

Migration Flows and Intra-Industry Trade Adjustments

In this paper we analyse the link between trade and migration. Focusing on the experience of Spain, we relate a marginal index of intra-industry trade to the stock of foreign workers—classified according to their country of origin and their situation in the Spanish labour market. We focus on the possibility that existing networks of foreign workers and their connections with their countries of origin could stimulate trade with the host country. Our results show a significant impact of the number of immigrants with work permits on intra-industry trade adjustment. However, this impact being positive or negative depends on whether foreign workers are employees or self-employed, the duration of the work permits and the type of job they occupy. JEL no. F10, F14, F15, F22