货币政策预防资产价格泡沫的局限性分析——以日本20世纪90年代初的资产价格泡沫为例

2007年美国＂次贷＂危机爆发后,关于货币政策是否能够预防资产价格泡沫的争论开始兴起。文章主要就日本20世纪90年代初资产价格泡的形成、膨胀直至破灭三个阶段,具体阐述了日本央行货币政策措施与资产价格泡沫的相关性。结论表明,一方面日本央行的不当货币政策与资产价格泡沫紧密相关,另一方面货币政策又不能有效预防问题的出现,因此央行在完善对物价水平监测的同时,应利用金融监管政策来应对资产价格泡沫。     

股票市场中的实体虚拟与泡沫经济

美国次贷危机是一次资产价格泡沫破灭的危机。所谓资产价格泡沫,就是资产的市场价格与其理论价值离得太远。实质上,美国次贷危机是贝尔斯登、雷曼兄弟、美林证券等华尔街金融巨头对房地产等资产的市场估值太高而最终汇聚成的一个巨大金融泡沫。当这个泡沫于2008年特别是该年下半年开始向其他领域、其他国家波及后,最终便导致了近百年来全球罕见的金融海啸,致使全球经济中的信用体系、金融安全体系岌岌可危,直接影响到了全球实体经济的正常运行及其健康发展。     

次贷危机再考验“调控空间”

美国经济衰退引发的更多热钱流入将会推动中国资产价格泡沫的膨胀，而一旦次贷危机结束，美联储重新步入加息周期，同时市场认为中国资产价格泡沫已经到达难以持续的水平，那么短期国际资本的突然撤出有可能刺破中国的资产价格泡沫。     

美联储货币政策正常化对中国经济的溢出效应

从退出量化宽松至今美联储已加息四次,并宣布将于2017年10月启动缩表,这将对我国宏观经济和资产价格波动产生显著影响。有鉴于此,文章利用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)研究了2008年11月至2017年3月美联储货币政策正常化对我国经济的溢出效应。结果表明,美联储加息、缩减资产负债规模通过资本流动渠道、汇率渠道以及利率渠道对我国物价、产出、房价以及股价均产生了显著影响。最后,文章从资产负债表视角分析了我国货币当局近期资产规模减少与美联储"缩表"不具有联动性,并提出应对美联储货币政策正常化的中国货币政策选择建议。     

美联储货币政策正常化对中国经济的溢出效应北大核心CSSCISSCI

从退出量化宽松至今美联储已加息四次,并宣布将于2017年10月启动缩表,这将对我国宏观经济和资产价格波动产生显著影响。有鉴于此,文章利用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)研究了2008年11月至2017年3月美联储货币政策正常化对我国经济的溢出效应。结果表明,美联储加息、缩减资产负债规模通过资本流动渠道、汇率渠道以及利率渠道对我国物价、产出、房价以及股价均产生了显著影响。最后,文章从资产负债表视角分析了我国货币当局近期资产规模减少与美联储"缩表"不具有联动性,并提出应对美联储货币政策正常化的中国货币政策选择建议。     

次贷危机与我国商业银行房地产信贷风险管理

美国的次贷危机已波及实体经济,并向全球蔓延.近年来,中国经济也同样碰到了利率较低市场环境下的流动性过剩、房地产价格快速上涨、资产价格泡沫化程度严重等问题,各家商业银行应对资产泡沫的风险管理成为人们关注的焦点.因此,分析美国次贷危机的深层次原因,对提前防控我国房地产金融产品的风险,保持商业银行资产业务的健康发展具有重要而紧迫的现实意义.     

2009—2010年展望

次贷危机使美国采取了危机处理式货币政策,表现为注入巨额流动性、大幅度降息和美元明显贬值。超宽松货币政策造成大宗商品价格迅速走高。这在宏观层面和微观层面有两个直接效果。一是在宏观层面上产生通胀压力,各国的政策反应就是紧缩货币政策。现在来看,2008年世界上很多央行货币政策都错了,只有美联储方向没错,一直在减息。二是在微观层面上大宗商品价格迅速走高会造成存货增加,这在中国尤其明显。     

金融危机时期美联储超常扩张性货币政策的风险研究

在全球金融危机爆发后,美联储采取了以"零利率"和"量化宽松"为特征的超常扩张性货币政策,通过向金融体系注入大量的流动性使其趋于稳定,促进了美国经济的复苏,但同时也在美国和全球范围内埋下了一系列的政策风险,包括资产价格泡沫风险、通货膨胀风险、美元持续贬值风险和金融机构的道德风险。     

谨防货币政策加剧资产价格动荡

资产价格动荡是货币政策面临的最大挑战.历史上,中央银行面对资产价格动荡,措置失当、铸成大错之例子数之不尽,谨举两例: 第一个例子是1929年华尔街股市崩溃之后,美联储虽然意识到经济衰退迫在眉睫,却依然连续采取紧缩货币政策,遂造成普遍的银行危机和持续多年的大萧条.从1929年夏天到1933年3月,美国货币供应量(存量)下降了28％,工业产出下降了50％还多.为什么美联储没能采取适当的、正确的行动来避免大萧条?至今依然是学界争论的热门话题.     

中国货币政策传导机制的研究评述

货币政策的传导机制描述了中央银行运用货币政策工具影响中介指标，进而最终实现既定政策目标的传导途径与作用机理。传导机制的通畅，保证了货币政策的有效性。米什金（1995）把货币政策的传导机制分为传统的利率途径、其他资产价格效应和信用传导三类。其他资产价格效应包括汇率对净出口的影响、托宾的q理论、财富效应；信用传导则包括银行贷款途径、资产负债表途径、现金流量效应、意料之外的物价水平效应和家庭流动性效应。     

金融货币政策对经济影响分析--以美国金融危机为例

在金融危机中,美国财政部和美联储出台了一系列危机救助的货币政策。本文主要依据传统货币政策传导理论,对危机救助中货币政策工具的选择和采取何种路径对金融市场影响进行分析,以确定这些货币政策工具的有效性。     

The Monetary Policy Implications of Behavioral Asset Bubbles

I introduce behavioral asset pricing rules into a wider dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework. Asset price bubbles emerged endogenously within the model. I find that in this model monetary policy rules that target the mispricing of the asset have a destabilizing effect; however, a monetary policy rule that targets deviations in the price of the asset from its trend can be welfare enhancing. Such a rule would also have the benefit of being straightforward to implement.     

Responding to a Monetary Superpower: Investigating the Behavioral Spillovers of U.S. Monetary Policy

Between 2002 and 2006, the Federal Reserve set interest rates significantly below the rates suggested by well-known monetary policy rules. There is a growing body of research suggesting that this helped fuel an excess of liquidity in the U.S. that contributed to the 2008 worldwide financial crash. It is less well known that a number of other central banks also lowered interest rates during this period. An important question, then, is what role the Federal Reserve played in influencing other central banks to alter their own monetary policies, which could have magnified the Fed’s actions in creating global liquidity. This paper addresses the issue by showing how spillovers in central bank behavior occur in theoretical rational expectations models. It then establishes empirically how U.S. monetary policy actions affect the actions of other major central banks, particularly in terms of interest rates and currency interventions. The models and data suggest that the U.S. lowering its policy rate, either in general or in reference to a monetary policy rule, influences other central banks to lower their own policy rates and intervene in currency markets, even when controlling for worldwide macroeconomic trends. It thus appears that U.S. actions were a factor in the worldwide lowering of interest rates and the increase in currency reserves in the early 2000s that may have contributed to the subsequent global liquidity boom.     

Monetary Policy,Market Structure and the Income Shares in the U.S

A general equilibrium model of heterogeneous capital is employed to investigate whether, how and to what extent monetary policy and market structure may have contributed to the decline of the labor share in the U.S. in recent decades. By construction the model allows monetary policy to affect the labor share through two channels, i.e. one linking the policy rate to the real interest rate and another linking the latter to the useful life of producers’ goods, whereas regarding market structure, the more competitive the economy, the higher the labor share. From its solution using U.S. data over the period 2000–2014 it emerges that the persistent reduction in the policy rate on the one hand slowed down the decline in the labor share and on the other accelerated it, because the reduction in the policy rate was accompanied by a robust upward trend in the equilibrium real rate of interest, which increased the useful life of producers’ goods. In turn, to gauge the relative strength of these two opposite effects, the equation of the labor share is estimated by means of the autoregressive distributed lag method. The results show that the adverse effect of monetary policy through the useful life of producers’ goods was more than 12 times as strong as the favorable effect of the policy rate and on this ground I conclude that the monetary policy contributed to the decline of the labor share significantly, at least since 2000. As for the market structure, it is found that even if firms had and attempted to exercise monopoly power, it would be exceedingly difficult to exploit it because the demand of consumers’ goods is significantly price elastic.     

资产价格在货币政策传导中的作用

文章对资产价格在货币政策传导中的作用进行实证研究，结果表明，我国同时存在着从中央银行到资产价格的高效传导和从资产价格到实体经济的低效传导，资产价格的波动损害了货币政策的传导效率以及金融体系的稳定性。在这种情况下，我国中央银行不应把资产价格纳入货币政策的最终目标，而应适时和适度地对资产价格作出反应。     

Monetary Policy and Natural Disasters in a DSGE Model

In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, speculation arose that the Federal Reserve might respond by easing monetary policy. This article uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate the appropriate monetary policy response to a natural disaster. We show that the standard Taylor rule response in models with and without nominal rigidities is to increase the nominal interest rate. That finding is unchanged when we consider the optimal policy response to a disaster. A nominal interest rate increase following a disaster mitigates both temporary inflation effects and output distortions that are attributable to nominal rigidities.     

Efficient Monetary Policy Design near Price Stability

Using dynamic programming methods, we study the design of optimal monetary policy in a simple, calibrated open-economy model and evaluate the effect of the liquidity trap generated by the zero bound on nominal interest rates. We show that the optimal policy near price stability is asymmetric. As inflation declines, policy turns expansionary sooner and more aggressively than would be optimal in the absence of the zero bound. This introduces an upward bias in the average level of inflation. We also discuss operational issues associated with the interpretation and implementation of policy at the zero bound in relation to the recent situation in Japan. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 2000, 14(4), pp. 327–365. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C. 20551 Copyright 2000 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E31, E52, E58, E61.     

Spillovers of the Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy from the US to South Africa

This paper assesses the effect of US monetary policy on South Africa during the period 1990–2018. We separately analyse and compare the effect of conventional monetary policy, before the Global Financial Crisis, and unconventional monetary policy, after the US monetary policy reached the zero-lower bound. Our impulse response function results indicate that monetary policy in South Africa responds mainly to local inflation, economic activity and financial conditions. While there is strong correlation between the global and South African financial cycle, the financial cycle is not transmitted to the real economy because of the sluggish response of industrial production and domestic credit, especially after the global financial crisis. We see this as an indication of the effects of structural issues to the real economy and constrained households’ balance sheet which has prevented the local economy to take advantage of low local interest rates and the global economic recovery after the crisis.     

资产价格泡沫的宏观调控:识别、传导和应对

以稳物价、促增长为传统目标的宏观政策要不要以及如何对资产价格泡沫进行调控,在理论上和实践上一直存在争议:第一,资本市场的高频联动、金融摩擦、投资者的认知偏差共同造成资产泡沫的根源、泡沫规模和发展规律在识别上都极端困难.第二,利率渠道、信贷渠道、风险承担渠道等传导机制对资产泡沫产生的影响错综复杂.本文从资产泡沫的识别和泡...     

基于金融稳定目标的规则型货币政策研究

随着货币政策与金融稳定之间联系的不断深化，中央银行理应在防范金融市场系统性风险中发挥重要的作用。文章首先构建我国金融稳定指数，并将其加入线性货币政策规则，研究结果表明，中央银行在调整名义利率时的确对金融稳定状况有所关注，相比于传统泰勒规则，纳入金融稳定指数的泰勒规则中通胀系数与产出缺口系数均有显著改善，其能够更好地拟合中央银行的实际政策操作。随后，为了进一步考察货币当局对名义利率调整的动态变化特征，文章通过TVP-SV-VAR模型对拓展的时变参数泰勒规则进行了再估计。研究发现，随着经济周期和金融形势的更迭，中央银行也会不断动态调整其政策目标。其中，货币政策对通货膨胀的调控不存在明显的惰性区域，控制通胀始终是中央银行工作的重心。其次，中央银行存在规避经济收缩的偏好，在经济下行时期其对货币政策的调整会向产出缺口倾斜。最后，为了抑制金融机构的过度风险承担，货币当局在本次金融危机之后显著增强了对于金融稳定的关注。