自由贸易协定缔结的影响因素研究：基于第三国效应的研究视角

文章基于第三国效应的研究视角,利用WTO区域贸易协定数据库中2001～2018年108个经济体缔结的自由贸易协定面板数据,运用Chen和Joshi(2010)协定缔结概率分析框架以及Logit二元响应计量方法,从理论和实证两个方面就已有自由贸易协定的不同链接结构对未来各国缔结FTA的解释能力进行研究。研究发现,第三国效应对于后续FTA缔结具有较好的解释能力,且这种影响呈现出明显的差异性：相较于单一外部自由贸易协定结构,双外部自由贸易协定结构对两国缔结FTA的影响更大;在共同双外部自由贸易协定即两国均与共同第三国签署FTA的情形下,双方后续缔结FTA的概率会显著提高,但在不同双外部自由贸易协定,即两国均与其他第三国签署FTA的情形下,双方后续缔结FTA的概率会下降。文章还从国别类型和协定种类两个视角,探讨了已有外部FTA结构、经济因素、制度差异、文化联系和地缘关系对两国后续缔结FTA的差异化影响。此外,文章还延伸讨论了APEC成员间缔结FTA的动因、中国FTA的预测与战略选择,以及中、韩加入CPTPP的可行性。文章的研究为中国通过有效选择缔约伙伴和签约时点来积极参与区域贸易自由化进程提供...     

我国FTA战略的路径选择与影响因素研究——基于二元响应模型的分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章以我国的FTA战略为基础,依托我国FTA战略实施的背景、内容和特点,通过构建三要素理论模型,重点分析了我国FTA战略的影响因素和路径选择。结论显示:"政治战略"、"经济结构"和"地缘关系"等三类因素是影响我国FTA战略形成与发展的主要因素。本实证模型正确预测了我国22个FTA中的17个,准确率约为77%;另外,正确预测了86个未结成FTA中的85个,准确率为99%。     

我国FTA战略的路径选择与影响因素研究——基于二元响应模型的分析

文章以我国的FTA战略为基础,依托我国FTA战略实施的背景、内容和特点,通过构建三要素理论模型,重点分析了我国FTA战略的影响因素和路径选择。结论显示:"政治战略"、"经济结构"和"地缘关系"等三类因素是影响我国FTA战略形成与发展的主要因素。本实证模型正确预测了我国22个FTA中的17个,准确率约为77%;另外,正确预测了86个未结成FTA中的85个,准确率为99%。     

浅析日新自由贸易区构想及其对APEC的影响

日本和新加坡作为APEC内的两个重要成员体，它们之间已就组建日新自由贸易区达成协议。本文从日本与新加坡组建日新自由贸易区（FTA）的动因入手，分析了日新可能组建的FTA的特征，其发展前景及其对APEC可能产生的影响。     

“一带一路”FTA网络结构特征及影响因素:基于协定异质性视角

文章采用社会网络分析法,基于协定异质性视角对"一带一路"沿线FTA网络结构特征进行分析,在此基础上使用QAP矩阵回归方法对沿线FTA无权网络和有权网络的影响因素进行实证分析。研究表明:(1)"一带一路"沿线FTA网络从本世纪初的分散式简单局域网络演变成当今的交叠式复杂全局网络,但规则深度较高的FTA网络仍然仅发生在地理邻近或地缘相近国家之间;(2)东盟国家处于"一带一路"沿线FTA网络的绝对中心地位,目前尚未形成大国主导沿线FTA网络的格局;(3)要素禀赋差值网对沿线FTA无权网络形成产生显著的正向影响,这表明除受其他外部因素(地理距离、是否接壤等)影响外,沿线FTA无权网络形成的背后存在较强经济互补动因;(4)在考虑协定异质性的有权FTA网络下,经济互补动因对深度FTA规则网络形成的影响相对弱化,而以拥有共同语言为表征的共同文化和价值观成为促进沿线深度FTA规则网络形成的重要驱动因素。     

“双轮推动”的进展与前景

1989年,APEC的建立开创了亚太区域合作的崭新局面。随着成员数量的不断增加,为了适应各成员经济发展水平差异巨大的现实情况,平衡各成员的利益诉求,APEC将经济技术合作也列为支柱领域,从而与贸易投资自由化和便利化形成了“双轮推动”的模式。实践证明,这一模式在APEC进程中发挥了积极的作用。在充分肯定APEC“双轮推动”模式所取得的进展和成果的同时,我们也必须认识到当前各种内部和外部因素给APEC合作进程带来的挑战。第一,随着APEC成员对深化亚     

东亚国家和地区贸易、投资自由化进程的决定因素和发展趋势初探

本文论述了影响东亚国家和地区在APEC框架内贸易、投资自由进程的决定因素.这些因素是:各经济体的宏观环境因素;经济年增长率;各经济体本身的经济管理体制变革;各经济体对外开放自由化的性质、程度和范围;APEC成员内部的社会、政治方面的重大变动.本文还就对APEC自由化进程有影响的反危机措施进行了分析,最后得出一个结论:从长期看,东亚金融危机将对东亚国家和地区贸易、投资自由化进程产生较大的负面影响,这一进程实际上将放慢.     

中国对APEC成员的出口潜力及其影响因素研究——基于贸易引力模型的实证检验北大核心CSSCISSCI

出口贸易是一国经济的重要组成部分。结合中国与APEC成员的实际,利用扩展的贸易引力模型,采用2003-2015年的跨国贸易面板数据,对影响中国面向APEC成员出口的因素进行定量分析,并在此基础上测算了中国对APEC成员的出口贸易潜力。结果发现,两国经济规模、贸易协定的签订、拥有共同的语言、文化等因素对出口有明显的促进作用,两国距离与出口显著负相关,而中国对APEC成员的直接投资对出口并无显著影响。基于此,中国今后在与APEC成员开展贸易的过程中,既要强化贸易的积极因素,化解各种消极因素,又要在巩固已有地区市场的基础上,开拓新的贸易地区市场,培育新的贸易增长动力。     

APEC经济增长收敛性的经验分析

本文对亚太经济合作组织(APEC)在1950～2000年的经济增长收敛性进行了经验分析。通过人均收入σ-收敛、绝对β-收敛和条件β-收敛这三种检验以及APEC成立前后的对比发现,亚太地区存在着显著的增长收敛性,而APEC的出现与发展又明显促进了该地区经济增长的长期收敛性,大大提高了区域内经济增长收敛速度。本文的研究在一定程度上证实,“南—北”模式的区域一体化有助于缩小国家间的收入差距,改变经济发展的不平衡性。     

积极参与APEC 促进辽宁经济发展

亚太经合组织 (英文缩写 APEC），成立于 1989年，是亚洲和太平洋地区最大的区域性经济组织。目前已有澳大利亚、韩国、日本、美国、俄罗斯、中国等 21个国家和地区加入。在经济全球化的新形势下，认真研究 APEC，积极参与 APEC的活动，对促进辽宁经济的进一步开放和快速发展，都是十分必要的。　　一、 APEC的发展进程 APEC的前身是“亚太经济论坛”，是 90年代以来世界区域经济集团化趋势进一步加强的产物。 APEC作为一个区域性的经济组织，其存在和发展的目的是促进亚太地区经济持续与均衡发展，通过成员间的经济技术合作及市…     

Effects on China and ASEAN of the ASEAN-China FTA: The FDI perspective

The ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA) is a significant step in regional economic integration for both China and the ASEAN countries. While analysis of the effects of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) most commonly focuses on the trade effects, the closeness of the link between trade and investment implies that the effect of an FTA on foreign direct investment (FDI) is also potentially significant. FTAs may stimulate FDI through the effects of market expansion and vertical fragmentation, while they may also reduce FDI through a plant rationalization effect. The overall effect of an FTA on FDI flows is an empirical question. This paper examines the impact of ACFTA on FDI flows through an econometric model that captures the influence of East Asian production networks on FDI, which we expect to be an important explanatory factor. The model finds that ACFTA has a significant and positive effect on FDI flows. A brief survey of the theoretical literature on the welfare and other related effects of FDI serves to emphasize that the extent to which individual member countries of the ACFTA will benefit from this increase in FDI will depend in important ways on the policies pursued in each country.     

Impacts of common rules of origin on FTA utilization

This study empirically examines the impacts of sharing rules of origin (RoOs) with other ASEAN?+?1 free trade agreements (FTAs) on ASEAN–Korea FTA/ASEAN–China FTA utilization in Thai exports in 2011. Our detailed empirical analysis suggests that the harmonization of RoOs across FTAs plays some role in terms of reducing the costs yielded through the spaghetti bowl phenomenon. In particular, the harmonization to “change-in-tariff classification (CTC) or regional value content (RVC)” will play a relatively positive role in not seriously discouraging firms’ use of multiple FTA schemes. In contrast, harmonization to “CTC” or “CTC and RVC” hinders firms from using those schemes.     

The determinants of FTA use in Southeast Asia: A firm-level analysis

The spread of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Southeast Asia has ignited a debate about their impact on enterprises including the business costs from the Asian ‘noodle bowl’ effect. This paper undertakes a comparative and firm-level analysis of the determinants of FTA use in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The likelihood of firms using important ASEAN+1 FTAs (e.g. the ASEAN-China FTA, the ASEAN-Japan FTA and ASEAN-Korea FTA) is positively associated with acquiring knowledge about FTAs, building technological capabilities, and membership in industrial clusters. Non-use of FTAs is explained by a lack of information about FTAs and the absence of FTAs with major trading partners. Key policy implications are the need to improve business support for FTAs, to conclude FTAs with major trading partners, and to create a database on FTA preference use.     

Vertical trade and free trade agreements

We investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on tariffs and welfare in vertical trade. We consider a three-country model, where an FTA is formed between a country exporting a final good and a country exporting an intermediate good. The FTA unambiguously leads to a reduction in the member country’s tariff, but may cause the non-member country’s tariff level to increase. In the case, where FTA raises the non-member country’s tariff level, the FTA increases that country’s welfare. In contrast, the FTA may render its member countries better off. This result implies that the formation of an FTA may not always be Pareto-improving.     

China＇s Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN, Japan and Korea： A Comparative Analysis

The role of China in East Asia's recovery from the recent global financial and economic crisis highlights China's position as an engine of growth for this region. From the viewpoint of China, there are many potential gains from entering into free trade agreements (FTAs) with its neighbors, who collectively form a large and fast‐growing market. In this paper, we qualitatively and quantitatively assess the four main permutations of China's FTAs with East Asian major economies: China–ASEAN, China–Japan, China–Korea and ASEAN+3. We compare the effects of these FTAs on China's output and welfare. Our comparative analysis shows that China will gain from all three bilateral FTAs, while gaining the most from the ASEAN+3. Because forming a region‐wide FTA, such as the ASEAN+3, is expected to be gradual and difficult, China should continue to engage in bilateral FTAs as a medium‐term and alternative strategy. However, in the long term, China should pursue a region‐wide FTA.     

Exporter responses to FTA tariff preferences: evidence from Thailand

This paper focuses on how exporters respond to free trade agreement (FTA) preferential schemes by analysing the administrative records of FTA implementation at the product level in Thailand. The key finding is that while there is growth in the number of FTAs with a potentially larger membership than existing FTAs, firms tend to prioritise existing FTAs. Moreover, only a narrow range of products are involved in applications for FTA preferential schemes. As a result, only one‐third of exports are covered by such arrangements. The key determinants of firms applying for preferential schemes include tariff margins, the ability to comply with rules of origins (ROOs) and the economic fundamentals influencing trade. Hence, it is less likely for FTAs to open up export opportunities for products that are either yet to be traded or of low prospective trade volume. Estimates of the costs of complying with ROOs average 8.6 per cent of tariff equivalence. The cost approaches zero for developed countries but is substantially higher for developing nations. The key policy inference is that the export‐enhancing effects of FTAs are passive at best, working only after economic fundamentals are established. For us to harness the trade‐inducing effects of FTAs, reducing costs incurred from the presence of ROOs from both exporting and importing countries should be the prime focus.     

Impacts of Sequential Free Trade Agreements in East Asia: A CGE and Political Economy Analysis

Abstract

This paper estimates the economic impacts of the various sequential liberalization scenarios in East Asia, emphasizing the significance of the “sequence” of the liberalization process in computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis. The major findings are as follows: (1) “Sequence” matters in measuring the economic impacts of free trade agreement (FTA) scenarios in the region; (2) Scenario 1 (Korea-China FTA → Korea-Japan FTA → China-Japan FTA) is the sequence maximizing Korea's economic gains, whereas Scenario 3 (Korea-China-Japan FTA) is the one most preferred economically by China and Japan; (3) Korea's FTAs with the United States (US) and European Union (EU) can be evaluated as a preemptive strategic move, causing changes in FTA preferences of Korea and Japan; (4) the prediction of Bond and Baldwin (adjustment cost and juggernaut effect) and that of Evenett et al. (trade diversion effect) are supported by the empirical results that Korea's (China's) expected gains from northeast Asian FTA sequences increase (decrease) after Korea's FTAs with the US and EU are made; (5) predictions about the International Political Economy (IPE) theories (power consideration and domestic politics) upon the sequential FTA formations in East Asia are consistent with the findings above.     

上合组织自贸区经济效应的前瞻性研究--基于GTAP模型的模拟

文章在分析中国同上海合作组织成员国贸易现状的基础上,运用GTAP模型实证研究了建立上合组织自贸区可能带来的经济影响。研究发现建立自贸区虽然在短期内可能存在一定的困难和冲突,但是符合各成员国的长远利益。具体结论如下:从短期来看,大部分成员国贸易放大效应较为明显;各成员国会扩大对比较优势产品的出口,增加对比较劣势产品的进口;各成员国贸易条件和福利水平变化不一,一些小国和落后国家贸易条件恶化,福利水平下降。从长期来看,自贸区的建立能有效拉动各成员国经济增长;随着区域内分工纵深发展,各国产业结构均出现调整。总体来说,完全自由贸易情形下的经济效应要大于设置关税减让例外情形。     

The EU-Korea FTA: anticipation,trade policy uncertainty and impact

Anticipatory trade effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) have been documented in various papers. One reason put forward trying to explain this phenomenon is reduced trade policy uncertainty. This paper is one of the first to explore the role of anticipation and trade policy uncertainty in the case of a recently concluded deep and comprehensive EU FTA, including significant behind the border measures. We use monthly data at a lower level of aggregation (8-digit level) compared to previous studies and we account for changes in the EU product classification over time. We also distinguish between the impact on products which are actually subject to liberalisation under the FTA as opposed to those which are already duty-free and we examine the effects on both the extensive margin and the intensive margin. We consider the impact of the FTA during three different periods of time (the start of negotiations, initialling of the agreement and entry into force), while comparing with the period before negotiations began. The results indicate that the FTA has had a positive impact on exports on both margins. The impact on the EU is somewhat higher indicating that EU exporters have more to gain in terms of increasing the predictability of the trade policy regime of the destination market and lowering its tariffs than vice versa. The results demonstrate that the impact of FTAs should not be assessed against the time period just prior to entry into force of the agreement, but much earlier to account for anticipation effects.     

Do Free Trade Agreements Increase the New Goods Margin? Evidence from Korea

We analyze the changes in the composition of bilateral trade—and more specifically, in the new goods margin—following the free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by Korea between 2004 and 2008. We find that new goods trade increased disproportionately after the FTAs came into effect, and that least-traded goods (LTG)—those accounting for the lowest 10% of trade prior to the FTAs—ended up accounting for 37% of post-FTA trade with FTA partners. In contrast, the corresponding share for a comparable group of countries that did not sign FTAs with Korea was only half as large, averaging close to 20%. We also find that only less than 2% of all least-traded products accounted for most of the growth in LTG trade, and that those goods tended to be clustered in the same industries as the intensively-traded goods. Furthermore, a larger fraction of LTG became heavily traded for the case of FTA partners than for non-FTA countries. Finally, we find evidence that least-traded imports were subject to higher pre-FTA tariff protection than other products.