美国的巨额经常账户赤字能否持续

美国经常账户赤字的实质是国内储蓄不足，需要国际资本流入来弥补。由于其规模越来越大，引发了美国经常账户赤字是否可以持续的担忧。本文经过分析认为，由于美国经济的增长前景良好，美元作为国际储备货币的地位难以动摇，美国目前的经常账户赤字规模在未来几年之内都是可以维持的，美元大跌的风险也不大。尽管美国的净外债规模已经很大，但还没有达到危险的程度。     

中国人口结构变化对经常账户的影响

本文采用永久性收入假说来评估国民储蓄行为,更突出考虑中国人口结构变化因素带来的影响,通过一个前瞻性的、动态的分析方法考察中国人口分布变动情况。本文的动态分析方法不仅得到了实证验证,也比经济文献中的静态依赖分析更为有效。本文仿真模拟全球储蓄行为后发现,随着居民储蓄份额的上升,中国2000年经常账户逆差,2010年经常账户呈现顺差,而到2045年左右中国经常账户重现逆差。美国、欧盟的经常账户趋向与中国情况恰恰相反。中、美、欧经常账户的仿真模拟结果具有多方面的政策涵义。     

我国资本账户开放的现状与问题

实现包括经常项目和资本项目在内的人民币完全可兑换是我国外汇管理体制改革的长远目标。1996年底，我国宣布正式实现人民币经常项目可兑换，实现人民币完全可兑换剩余的任务主要是实现人民币资本项目可兑换。     

我国经常账户盈余与影响分析

我国经常账户连续十多年保持顺差,近几年更是呈现出逐渐升高的态势。经常账户盈余过多已经严重影响到我国经济的平稳运行,意味着我国经济对外部平衡的可控性弱化。本文正是基于此,对我国经常账户顺差结构的影响因素进行研究,并对顺差带来的利弊影响进行分析。研究表明,我国的对外贸易政策、储蓄消费结构、结售汇制度以及美国的金融霸权地位共同造成了我国经常账户的巨额顺差。     

美国经常账户持续逆差原因的实证研究

本文通过对影响美国经常账户持续逆差的因素进行实证分析,认为美国持续经常账户逆差是私人投资需求过旺、私人消费居高不下、政府财政赤字扩大、实际利差减小以及实际有效汇率变动共同作用的结果。     

浮动汇率制度有助于经常账户的调节吗?——基于双倍差分法的实证检验

本文运用双倍差分法,分别选择20世纪90年代亚洲金融危机和20世纪70年代布雷顿森林体系的解体两个事件作为"自然实验",实证研究汇率制度与经常账户调节的关系。研究表明,相对于固定汇率制度,浮动汇率制度未能显著地促进经常账户的调节。通过让经常账户盈余国由固定汇率制度调整为浮动汇率制度的做法不会改善全球性经常账户失衡问题。     

全球视角的国际收支经常账户盈余调整研究

本文利用1970～2008年这39年间的国际经济数据考察经常账户盈余调整的国际经验后发现,经常账户盈余国家与赤字国家在数量上是不对称的,世界各国中,经常账户处于盈余状态的是少数,处于赤字状态的是多数;全球性经常账户高盈余状况不是一个持久和普遍的现象,通常仅持续4～5年;在全球范围内,经常账户盈余发生大幅快速调整的现象并不常见,但是一旦发生会对宏观经济造成很大影响,这种影响因国家的收入水平不同而有所不同。     

国际农产品价格与美国经常账户收支关系探讨

本文首先分析了国际农产品市场的供求格局、价格和存量变动趋势以及国际农产品价格上涨的多重原因。然后分析美国农产品贸易及其经常账户收支情况,并总结了国际农产品价格高企与美国经常账户收支的关系及高粮价下各国的应对政策。最后对中国粮食市场的价格、供求现状进行分析并给出一定的政策建议。     

发展中国家资本流入管理:资本流入征税的模型分析

20世纪90年代发展中国家的金融危机,特别是1997年的东亚金融危机,使各国重新认识资本流入对一国宏观经济的冲击。在资本流入管理的实践中,拉美和亚洲的一些国家采取了对居民和非居民之间金融资产的转移征税的措施。本文建立了一个开放的小国模型,对资本流入征收利息税的实施效果进行了定量分析。     

Sudden Stops and Current Account Reversals: Potential Macroeconomic Consequences for South Africa

South Africa is one of the emerging market countries that have received a relatively large amount of foreign capital since the mid‐2000s. In South Africa's case, these inflows were partly used to build the country's foreign exchange reserves, but more particularly to finance continued large current account deficits. During the course of the past two years, however, adverse domestic political developments, combined with the potential negative impacts of the unwinding of quantitative easing policies and the normalising of monetary policy in the United States on emerging markets in general, has raised the spectre of a sharp slowdown in foreign capital flows to South Africa and an associated reversal of the current deficit. This paper explores the potential impact of such a development on macroeconomic conditions in South Africa. The analysis consists of macroeconometric model‐based alternative scenarios backed up by both the international evidence on the impact of such events and South Africa's own history.     

Surges and Sudden Stops of Capital Flows to Emerging Markets

A characteristic of many of the recent emerging market currency crises is a preceding surge in capital inflows and their reversals or ‘sudden stops’ during the crises. The empirical investigation of 38 emerging market economies between 1990 and 2003 reveals that a surge in capital inflows significantly increases the probability of a sudden stop. In addition, a surge accompanied by a high current account deficit or an appreciated real exchange rate is more likely to be associated with a sudden stop. The paper also finds that a surge that is dominated by private loans and portfolio flows rather than direct investment has a higher probability to end with a sudden stop.     

单靠汇率变动不能有效地调整经常项目--中国贸易品、非贸易品相对价格的变化与经常项目调整

近年来,中国对外贸易和国际收支经常项目持续顺差,引起国内外的普遍关注。适当减少经常项目顺差,使之基本平衡甚至略有逆差,有利于充分利用国内外资源,促进国内经济和对外经济的协调发展。贸易品对非贸易品的相对价格,本国生产的贸易品对进口品相对价格的变化,将导致国内消费、投资需求在贸易部门与非贸易部门之间,以及贸易部门内部进行转移,对经常项目调整具有重要意义。本文概述相对价格变化、国内需求转移与经常项目调整的理论联系,具体分析中国经常项目调整所需相对价格的变化、现阶段相对价格存在一定粘性的原因及其对经常项目调整的影…     

财政赤字、经常账户与政府债务研究——李嘉图等价视角的国际经验分析

本文使用42个发达工业化国家和新兴经济体国家2000～2010年的经济数据,采用面板门槛模型估计不同国家财政政策对经常账户的影响,检验李嘉图等价效应成立的条件。估计结果显示,财政政策与经常账户表现出"双赤字"现象,但政府债务规模对消费与投资的扭曲作用使得财政赤字与经常账户又呈现非线性关系。同时,较高的税负水平对财政政策效果的影响是导致李嘉图等价效应成立的重要条件。本文的结论表明,我国长期实施的扩张性财政政策对经常账户平衡的不利影响已经开始显现。因此,实施审慎的宏观财政政策、降低税负水平对维持经常账户平衡和经济健康发展具有重要的战略意义。     

Current Account Deficit in Mauritius: Risks and Prospects

Mauritius is often cited by international institutions, including the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, as a success story in economic development. The island has, since the early 1970s, adopted an export‐led growth strategy to power its economy. However, a constant decline over the last decade in the exports to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio has resulted in a worsening current account to GDP ratio, which is now a cause for concern. Using a three‐regime, self‐exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) model, this paper finds that the Mauritian economy may converge to either of two current account equilibria, namely a deficit of 9% or a surplus of 2.5% on a seasonally adjusted basis. A dynamic simulation exercise suggests that the Mauritian current account is more likely to switch from surplus to deficit equilibrium than from deficit to surplus equilibrium. Given that the prevailing deficit is in the vicinity of the deficit equilibrium, structural policies aiming to boost productivity and efficiency are indispensable for pulling Mauritius out of the “deficit trap,” the more so since the island has been experiencing a continuous erosion of trade preferences, which formerly enabled it to have privileged access for its exports to the EU market.     

The Simple Analytics of Sudden Stops

Currency crises in emerging and developing countries have often been characterized by “sudden stops” of capital flows. A variety of mechanisms have been adduced to explain the emergence of this phenomenon. This paper integrates these mechanisms into a simple and transparent analytical model in which currency mismatches, large current account deficits, and large stocks of short-term debt interact with low reserve stocks to generate dual equilibria. In this context, the “panic” equilibrium is characterized by a currency crisis, a sudden stop, and an output collapse. The potential for various policies to avoid this outcome is explored, as are the implications of the analysis for reserve accumulation.     

Devaluation, Capital Formation, and the Current Account

This paper re-examines the effects of devaluation and a rise in the rate of devaluation on capital formation and the current account in an optimizing monetary model of a small open economy with endogenous labor, investment with adjustment costs, and perfect capital mobility. It is shown that devaluation leads to capital accumulation and a current-account deficit in the long run and during the adjustment process, whereas a rise in the rate of devaluation has an ambiguous impact on capital formation and the current account depending on the relationship between consumption and real balances in the utility function. If consumption and real balances are separable or complements, then a rise in the rate of devaluation produces capital decumulation and a current-account surplus in the long run as well as on the transition path. These results stand in sharp contrast with Calvo (1981). JEL Classification Numbers: F41     

中国资本项目开放政策调整的动因及内容

进入21世纪后,我国资本项目开放政策开始进入调整时期。从改革、开放政策实施初期阶段到20世纪末期为止,我国资本项目开放采取了鼓励资本流入和限制资本流出的开放策略。2001年以后,随着人民币升值压力的出现,资本项目开放政策开始进入调整阶段。这一调整具体表现为弱化资本流入激励机制和开放资本流出渠道。从原因来看,对外金融结构变化是引起资本项目开放政策调整的主要因素。