乌拉圭回合与东京回合《反倾销守则》之比较

经过7年多的乌拉圭回合谈判在反倾销措施的实施上，对东京回合达成的《反倾销守则》中的许多条款作了更为详细的解释和补充：有关倾销的确定，有关损害的确定，关于反倾销调查的发生和实施，有关证据的取得，有关反倾销税的期限等条文修改和补充后，使《反倾销守则》更加详细和严密，其实质内容有所扩大，保护作用有所加强。     

关贸总协定发展史上的里程碑——综论乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判

<正> 1993年12月15日,在日内瓦国际会议大厅里,随着关贸总协定总干事萨瑟兰手中木槌有力的一击,旷日持久的规模最大的乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判终告结束,基本上实现了发动时的预期目标,受到举世欢迎。 作为谈判成果的550多页的《乌拉圭回合最终文件》将于1994年4月在摩洛哥的马拉喀什正式签字,1995年1月1日生效。 乌拉圭回合以其广泛的内容、丰硕的成果和世界贸易组织的诞生,成为关贸总协定     

《服务贸易总协定》与我国金融业的发展

<正> 服务贸易自由化问题被列入关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判的一项新议题后,从1986年10月27日开始,经过了三个阶段的谈判,终于在1990年12月草拟了《服务贸易总协定》(General Agreement on Trade inServices,简称GATS)。1993年12月15日。乌拉圭回合达成了一揽子协议,《服务贸易总协定》即将随着各缔约方的签署而生效。 《服务贸易总协定》是一项独立的多边贸     

美国反倾销法最新修改述评

<正> 关税与贸易总协定(GATT)乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成了一揽子协议,其中一个重要成果是通过了《关于执行1994年关贸总协定第6条的协议》(简称《反倾销协议》)。各国以此为蓝本对本国反倾销法作了相应的修改。由于《反倾销协议》在美国不是自动实施以及美国某些利益集团的阻挠,美国政府以“快车道”程序通过了《乌拉圭回合协议法案》(简称《法案》),对反倾销法作了部分修改。本文拟对修改前后的法律规定略作比较和评析。     

“乌拉圭回合”多边贸易谈判与我国的基本立场

<正> 一、谈判的发动和议程1986年9月,关贸总协定在乌拉圭埃斯特角城举行部长级特别缔约国大会,发表了《乌拉圭回合部长宣言》,决定发动第八轮多边贸易谈判,亦称“乌拉圭回合”。本回合的总体目标是制止和扭转贸易保护主义,消除对贸易的扭曲;维护关贸总协定的基本原则,进一步推动关贸总协定目标的实现;发展一个更加开放的、具有生命力的和持久的多边贸易体系,以促进经济增长和贸易发展。各国普遍认为,“乌拉圭回合”的成功,将     

关贸总协定的新规则:TRIMs——乌拉圭回合与外国直接投资问题

1986年9月15日,在乌拉圭埃斯特角城举行关贸总协定缔约国部长级特别会议,我国代表以观察员身份参加,9月20日会议结束时发表了《关于乌拉圭回合部长级会议宣言》(Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round),国外报刊习称“埃斯特角宣言”。它决定在同年10月31日前召开贸易谈判委员会首次会议,继“东京回合”(1973—1979年)之后,揭开新的一轮多边谈判即“乌拉圭回合”的序幕。     

利用“双星”系统建立初级数据中继卫星系统（TDRSS）的探讨

<正> 历经七年半的乌拉圭回合,终于以1994年4月15日在摩纳哥马拉喀什签署《乌拉圭回合最终协议文件》和《建立世界贸易组织协定》而告结束。关税与贸易总协定(GATT),在其成立至今的40多年中,通过8轮多边贸易谈判,进一步削弱了关税作为贸易壁垒对国际贸易的负面影响。鉴于非关税壁垒中的一个重要组成部分——贸易技术壁垒(TBTs),正日益成为国际贸易中的突出问题,削弱和消除技术法规、标准和质量认证等技术性因素所形成的贸易技术壁垒对国际贸易的阻遏作用,终于被提到了多边贸易谈判的议事日程。     

《装船前检验协议》及对我商检工作的影响

<正> 《装船前检验协议》(以下简称《协议》)是关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判中达成的非关税措施方面的一个法律文件。谈判各方达成这一《协议》的目的,是为了限制缔约各方滥用非关税措施,制止和扭转贸易保护主义,促进国际贸易的健康发展。随着谈判的结束,包括《装船前检验协议》在内的一揽子协议都将对签字各方产生效力。我国参加了关贸总协定乌拉圭回合的谈判并在该《协议》上     

反规避条款最终删除的原因

<正> 在关贸总协定(GATT)乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的最后阶段,作为该回合《反倾销协议》最后文本的邓克尔草案中的反规避条款却被删除了,因此反规避条款被排除在最终达成的《关于实施〈关税与贸易总协定1994〉第六条的协议》的内容范围之外。之所以会出现这样的结果,主要的原因就是邓克尔草案中的反规避条款与美国在乌拉圭回合谈判期间所提交的反规避议案有明显的差别,远     

简析中国加入《政府采购协议》的利弊

<政府采购协议>是乌拉圭回合谈判所产生的一个诸边协议,是在<政府采购守则>(简称<守则>)的基础上产生的,在一定范畴内突破了原<守则>的调整范围,对政府采购活动的各个环节规定得更加具体、详细.它不是有关申请加入世贸组织的一揽子强制性协议之一.也就是说,<协议>以自愿为基础.     

家用录像机的现状和发展趋势

本文综述了家用录像机的技术进展及市场现状。给出了录像机的调频信号传输模型,进而指出了录像机中的主要技术问题。最后概述了家用录像机的发展趋势、     

S—VHS高性能家用录像机的技术进展

家用录像机正朝高性能、高清晰度、多功能方向发展,S—VHS家用录像机是这一发展的主流。S—VHS录像机中采用的新技术主要有高带技术、亮/色分离输入输出技术等,本文对这些新技术作一介绍。     

微波通信应急组网仿真系统设计

针对通信保障方案生成方式及评估手段落后的问题,设计了微波通信应急组网仿真系 统。系统以模块化的形式设计了体系结构,采用层次分析法构建了通信装备建模框架,通过 流程图描述了仿真过程并提出仿真实现方法,实现了数据库管理,给出了通信效果评估依据 及评估实现方法。最后通过日常组网训练仿真验证了系统的可行性与可靠性。系统通过虚拟 评估手段为用户提供较精确的数据支撑和结果分析,可对通信保障方案生成起辅助决策作用 ,有效提高应急通信保障效率。     

Marketing “Frankenfood”

ABSTRACT

Most visual package research in marketing to date tests only the main effects of certain visual package elements in artificially isolated experimental contexts, though, in the store, these elements are presented to the shopper in active visual circumstances. Most food packages are highly cluttered with a number of visual and text elements all competing for the shopper's limited attention; this calls into question the external validity, and therefore the usability for practitioner purposes, of these results. Given that marketers often rely on a single visual element as the sole carrier of some particular promotional message, it is critical to ascertain whether single visual elements can break through such visual clutter to effectively deliver their promotional messages to the shopper. In this study, we manipulate the level of background activity of packages while testing the ability of one visual package element—its overall shape—to affect one particular piece of package information of concern to food shoppers— appearance of size or volume. Surprisingly, our results show that the main effect of package shape type on volume perception not only remains robust under visually cluttered conditions, but that the effect is actually heightened for certain, more geometrically complex package shape types. Managerial implications are discussed.     

Metaphor as Visual Thinking in Advertising and Its Effects: Focus on Brand Familiarity and Product Involvement

One of advertisers' favorite communication techniques is the visual metaphor. In fact, metaphor usage perennially increases in ad images. This study, which looks at consumers with varying levels of brand familiarity and product involvement, investigates how their attitudes and purchase intentions of are influenced by the persuasive effects of visual metaphors in various advertising conditions. The findings reveal that consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions are enhanced more by visual metaphor-based ads than nonmetaphor-based ads when the advertised product is in a low-involvement product category. Nonmetaphorical ads are found to have a more positive influence with high-involvement products than do metaphorical ads. The results show a significant three-way interaction effect. When the advertised product is in a low-involvement product category, visual metaphors lead to favorable brand evaluations and higher purchase intentions in the ads for a low-familiarity brand. However, nonmetaphors are more persuasive than visual metaphors only for the low familiarity brand in a high-involvement product category. Theoretical and practical implications are addressed in the discussion.     

Metaphorical communication,self-presentation,and consumer inference in service encounters

In service encounters, the meaning inferred by a customer is a result of verbal and visual communication. This research focuses on how visual metaphorical communication in a service encounter can evoke the concept of power. We show that when representation of the service provider is at the bottom (versus top) of an image, the consumer's perception of their own power is increased (Study 1). Study 2 demonstrates that power perceptions interact with self-presentational motives to influence intentions to use the service. Further, perceptions of power mediate the effect of visual representation on usage intentions. This occurs only when consumption is public and self-presentational concerns are high. In Study 3, we demonstrate that when the concept of power has little applicability, visual representation of perceived power does not affect intentions to use the service provider. Further, only individuals with a high need for status access the conceptual link between power and visual representation (Study 4). Together, the results further our understanding of the use of visual metaphorical communication in a service encounter.     

计算机仿真在生产物流系统中的应用分析

Flexsim仿真软件是一种可视化的、面向对象的导向性模拟软件。根据Flexsim的特点,对物流系统进行仿真研究,建立模拟模型、编写控制程序,然后对各种方案进行仿真分析、评估,产生出管理者想要的资料报表,为企业调整生产线平衡提供了科学的决策依据。     

Strategic studies in Markstrat

The objective of this article is to analyze opportunities for research using simulations such as Markstrat. More specifically, the characteristics of the simulation that are essential for assessing its appropriateness as a research environment are described first. The key elements of the models underlying the structure of the simulation are then described, as they provide the information necessary to understand the marketing dynamics of the simulation. Finally, various types of research approaches using Markstrat are discussed.     

Aspects of visual metaphor: an operational typology of visual rhetoric for research in advertising

Metaphor is routinely expressed through pictures in contemporary advertising. Earlier work on visual rhetoric in advertising sought direct analogues for the tropes and schemes specific to verbal rhetoric. More recently, theory has developed out of characteristics particular to pictures, culminating in a typology of visual rhetoric by Phillips and McQuarrie. Subsequent work by ?orm and Steen considers processing stages in metaphorical interpretation. Phillips and McQuarrie's typology is adapted and expanded here in order to better describe the variation found in ads that utilize visual metaphor and its allies, thus identifying a range of examples that confound the original. A new processing model that directly addresses visual features described in the expanded typology is outlined, which builds on ideas from ?orm and Steen, but represents a distinct framework. Additional variables are identified that advertising researchers should either investigate or control in experimental studies of visual metaphor.     

Cake or fruit? Influencing healthy food choice through the interaction of automatic and instructed mental simulation

Promoting healthy food choice is a central issue for public welfare and a continuous challenge for marketers and policy makers. This research examines how marketing communication elements, such as visuals and text, can be used to encourage healthy food choices. Extending previous research in automatic process mental simulation, this research examines whether visual presentations of food items can trigger a different type of automatic mental simulation that is outcome oriented. Results from four studies show that visual presentations of food items in an advertisement can trigger process and outcome automatic mental simulation (AMS) of food consumption, and AMS interacts with an advertisement’s instructed mental simulation (IMS) to influence consumer healthy food choice. Contributing to marketing research in using IMS in advertising to promote product offerings, this research demonstrates that the success of IMS cues varies depending not only on the amount, but more importantly, the type of AMS triggered from visual cues.