The Spatial Effects of Wage or Property Tax Differentials, and Local Government Choice between Tax Instruments

This paper considers the spatial effects (on wages, employment, and business capital as functions of location) of a localized differential in source-based wage tax rates or business property tax rates between (for example) a central city and the surrounding suburbs. A simple model is used in which business production uses only labor and capital inputs. Consumers have fixed residential locations but may commute to work. Wage and property tax differentials have effects that are similar in some ways but different in other ways. If given a choice, a local government would choose to set its business property tax rate equal to zero and use only a wage tax.     

论物业税与现行房地产税收的关系

目前房价居高不下,政府调控房地产市场的措施陆续出台,在众多调控措施中,备受关注的一项措施是开征物业税。在开征物业税的过程中,必然会涉及到如何处理物业税与现行房地产税收的关系。对此,专家学者从不同角度发表了各自的看法。本文认为,现行的房产税、城镇土地使用税、城市维护建设税、教育费附加应该并入物业税,耕地占用税应并入土地出让金,土地增值税应该取消或并入物业税,契税应继续保留。我国应该通过正确处理物业税与现行房地产税收的关系,健全房地产税收体系。     

论我国房地产计税价格评估争议处理机制建设

我国各地已陆续开展存量房交易的计税价格评估工作，制定了相应的计税价格评估争议处理办法。介绍国际估税官协会在《计税价格评估争议处理准则》中的争议处理规定，梳理总结国内各地已试行的争议处理办法，对存量房交易评估争议和存量房评估争议进行区分，在评估争议处理原则、争议费用承担等方面提出建议。     

民国地价税的实施对当前土地税收制度改革的启示

实行地价税是孙中山民生主义中平均地权的重要内容。地价税主张按土地价格征收土地税和土地增值税,一改延续数千年的从量计征的土地赋税制度,是中国传统土地税收制度的重大改革。其地价税思想对南京国民政府影响较大,并首先在地价涨幅较大的通商口岸广州、上海等地进行试办,随后在全国42个县市进行推广,由于征收范围较为广泛加之征收手续简便,在当时取得了一定的征收效果,但也存在一些不足方面,对当前的土地税收制度改革有重要的借鉴价值。     

Land Taxes in Agriculture

A bstract Farmland , which occupies two thirds of America's privately owned territory, provides more than food and fiber. Agricultural uses of land preserve open space, filter and store water, supfwrt wildlife, conserve rural resources, enlarge life style opportunities for an urban society. One instrument for preserving agricultural land from urban developmental pressures is the preferential assessment for real property tax, essentially a two rate tax favoring farming as a land use. Preferential assessment, administered typically at small, nonrollback differentials, has not deterred intensive land use changes. Indeed, it may have had the opposite effect. Changes in the tax on land and buildings are recommended as improvements in the preferential assessment of agricultural land.     

关于物业税征收目的和效应之辨析

本文讨论了物业税的征收目的和物业税所产生的效应之差别，以及在实践中区分这些概念的意义。     

论物业税开征对我国城市发展的影响

物业税属于地方税种,统一的物业税开征对于提高中国城市发展的效率和水平具有积极意义.我国的物业税体制改革应注意与地方公共服务的发展联系在一起,通过开征统一的物业税,构建公共财政框架,规范政府土地管理,改善城市公共服务,促进城市房地产业健康发展.     

Political Economy of Property Tax Reform: Hawaii's Experiment with Split‐Rate Property Taxation

Economic theory suggests that switching from a general property tax to a split‐rate tax increases land use efficiency and stimulates urban core development while preserving the environment and reducing urban sprawl. Under split‐rate property taxation, land is typically taxed at a significantly higher rate than improvements. Beginning in 1965 Hawaii experimented with a statewide split‐rate property tax system to encourage economic growth and effect land reform. The experiment was ended in 1977. Following the transfer of property taxing powers to the counties in 1978, some counties brought back the split‐rate property tax at times. Since 2006, Kauai County has adopted the unusual practice of taxing improvements at a higher rate than land for most property classes. This article chronicles and explains the rationale behind Hawaii's state and county experiments with split‐rate property taxation.     

土地增值税税收流失风险的防范机制研究——来自广东省汕头市地方税务局的征管经验

房地产税收流失风险是税务管理的重点和难点。在研究现行土地增值税征管模式的基本特征及存在问题的基础上,汕头市地方税务局引进风险管理机制,对土地增值税的管理由事后管理向事前和事中管理转变。探索出"前馈控税、项目管理、信息比对、模型构建"的土地增值税收流失的风险防范机制。并据此提出了一些政策建议。     

Site Value Taxation and the Timing of Land Development

A bstract . Recent writers have challenged the traditional view that a tax on site value is neutral, but there is still disagreement as to the effects of the tax. The site value tax affects the timing of land development in that it provides an incentive for landowners to develop land sooner than under a property tax levied on improvements also. Confusion has resulted from a failure to distinguish market value from development value. The incidence of the site value tax must take into account the dynamics of untaxing capital and of the capitalization of the tax increase on land values , as well as of the resulting increase of land supply and its effect in further reducing land values. The increased profitability of capital improvements could then increase land rent from the demand side. Obviously, amidst such dynamic changes, the overall effect on land values and rents is unsettled pending further research.     

Site Value Taxation in a Declining City

A bstract . The relationship is analyzed between the economic decline of a central city and the likelihood that a site value tax will be politically acceptable. Public choice and land use models are combined to generate a scenario of land use changes and changes in improvements to land ratios which determine whether a specific property owner will gain or lose from a revenue-neutral site value tax. A case study is presented which substantiates many of the effects suggested by the model. In general, private and public sector responses to a city's decline result in an atmosphere that is relatively hostile to site value taxation.     

Taxation for Low Cost Wood Fiber*

Abstract . If forest industry taxation is to be put on a sound economic basis, the Federal Government, the largest land owner, should pay the same taxes as any other landowner, so that the social and economic effects of taxation are realized. Specialists report that the form of the property tax preferred for the taxation of the property of the forest industry, under most circumstances, is land value taxation, not the property tax based on income realized at some point In the future which presumed the continued existence of virgin forests. This paper recognizes that the forest industry now is based on harvests of tree crops and proposes a further development of the land value taxation principle in the form of a forest tax composed of a land value tax combined with a tax on tree growth which increases as growth as a percentage of volume growth decreases with the tree's increasing age.     

浅谈房地产税制改革

我国房地产领域税收体系税基较窄,税费混乱,重交易环节轻保有环节问题等突出。本文简要介绍我国房地产领域税制改革的进程,揭示我国物业税改革悬空七年的原因,对目前倾向改革房产税的趋势做可行性分析和功能定位,最后对房产税改革重整进行思索。     

General Property Reassessment: Relative Tax Impacts on Land and on Structures

A bstract . Many jurisdictions require periodic mass reassessment of real property to bring assessed values closer to market values and to reallocate tax burdens among property types. This paper examines the influence of general reassessment on the tax burden on land relative to that on improvements in Indiana, a state using elected local assessors, statewide mass reassessment on a regular cycle, and assessment of structures at hypothetical reproduction cost. Examination of data over the 1950-51 to 1974-75 period shows that economic growth and development reallocates property tax impact away from land: the share of land in the base declines and the effective rate paid on any given parcel of land declines. Reassessment adjusts these impacts. While reassessment increases the share of improvements in the total base, the readjustment for land is larger. From this analysis, the most recent mass assessment (1968) increased the land to improvement ratio by about 42 percent.     

浅谈房地产项目土地增值税的纳税筹划

对于房地产行业来讲,在近年来的发展中,国家出台了相关宏观政策,对该行业进行了调整,所以房地产企业的发展受到了一定程度的影响,许多企业在发展过程中由过去的粗放式管理模式向精细化管理模式转变。房地产企业在盈利的过程中,需要向政府及相关土地部门缴纳土地增值税,这对于企业自身的盈利能力以及现金流会产生较大的影响,所以房地产企业针对土地增值税进行纳税筹划具有非常重要的意义。论文以土地增值税纳税筹划的积极意义为出发点,论述了纳税筹划工作的原则及方法。     

1. The Role of Land Markets in Economic Crises

It is widely recognized that the economic crisis of 2009 was caused by unsound lending for real estate. Largely ignored, however, is that this contraction was easily predicted on the basis of a well-established pattern of land speculation, premature subdivision, and excessive building on marginal land that recurs approximately once every 18 years. Capital locked up in projects that are started during a land bubble is effectively lost during the downturn, leaving the nation without sufficient capital to finance ordinary business operations during the recovery period. The best instrument for avoiding this boom-bust cycle is the property tax and, more specifically, the portion that falls on land. We explore here the ways in which the property tax influences the intensity, timing, and location of development. We also examine why frequent and accurate assessment are essential to make the property tax an effective method of preventing speculative real estate bubbles.     

开征个人住房房地产税的政策效应分析——从土地节约集约使用的角度

近年来,我国房地产业飞速发展,但是房地产税收制度相对于市场变化,明显存在政策制定上的滞后性,无法有效地对该产业的资源优化配置作出良性引导。通过界定土地节约集约使用的衡量标准,简述我国房地产业土地开发利用现状;进而从促进土地节约集约的角度,对个人住房征收房地产税的政策效应作出分析,得出相应的结论。     

进口消费税与增值税组成计税价格的互通性

文中作者通过关务实践与教学活动,发现进口消费税的计税组成价格计算出来后,可以直接作为进口增值税的计税组成价格,而大可省去后者的计算过程。依据简单的代数方程的演算,完全证实了:进口消费税和进口增值税的组成计税价格存在互通性。     

On the Degree of Property Tax Assessment Inequity in Complex Tax Jurisdictions

A bstract . The extent of interest in the degree of inequity in property assessment is indicative of the importance of identifying determinants of assessment inequity. Previous attempts to identify such determinants were certainly incomplete. An additional variable is offered for the list that would be expected to explain statistically the degree of inequity in the distribution of property tax liabilities , in general, and to examine specifically the relationship between assessment, inequity and the degree of complexity for assessing Jurisdictions. The latter are often complex in the sense that individual properties, although subject to a set of two or more nominal tax rates on assessed values, are not subject to the same set of nominal tax rates. It is argued—to the extent that individual property tax liabilities are capitalized in sale prices for individual properties —that the greater the number of specific property tax rates on assessed value , the greater is the expected frequency of change in such specific property tax rates and, therefore, the higher the expected value of the measure of the degree of inequity.     

Groundwater and the Land Value Tax

Abstract . Application of the land value tax has been described for many natural resources. However, the problems encountered with flowing underground resources have not been fully discussed. Groundwater is one such flowing resource that affects the value of surface land. The underground water is also subject to its own market forces. If a Georgist tax is to be applied to groundwater or to land affected by it, the administrator of the tax must consider the interplay that occurs between the two resource markets. A system of separable property rights to the two resources offers the prospect for efficient use. But the monitoring of ground water use must accompany such a separation.