Using 3D modeling and remote sensing capabilities for a better understanding of spatio-temporal heterogeneities of phytoplankton abundance in large lakes

Lake biological parameters show important spatio-temporal heterogeneities. This is why explaining the spatial patchiness of phytoplankton abundance has been a recurrent ecological issue and is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems. The drivers of these heterogeneities can be identified by modeling their dynamics. This approach is useful for theoretical and applied limnology. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic model of Lake Geneva (France/Switzerland) was created. It is based on the Delft3D suite software and includes the main tributary (Rhône River) and two-dimensional high-resolution meteorological forcing. It provides 3D maps of water temperature and current velocities with a 1?h time step on a 1?km horizontal grid size and with a vertical resolution of 1?m near the surface to 7?m at the bottom of the lake. The dynamics and the drivers of phytoplankton heterogeneities were assessed by combining the outputs of the model and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) data from MERIS satellite images between 2008 and 2012. Results highlight physical mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance in the lake. At the beginning of spring, Chl-a heterogeneities are usually caused by an earlier onset of phytoplankton growth in the shallowest and more sheltered areas; spatial differences in the timing of phytoplankton growth can be explained by spatial variability in thermal stratification dynamics. In summer, transient and locally higher phytoplankton abundances are observed in relation to the impact of basin-scale upwelling.     

Application of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR)

The hydrodynamics and thermodynamics in large lakes are key factors governing water quality. In such ecosystems, assessments of water quality cannot be made without sufficient knowledge of water temperature and currents. In the case of the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, this information was provided by a modelling approach using the Delft3D FLOW software.     

Current variability in a wide and open lacustrine embayment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Field measurements and numerical simulations were used to determine the effects of dominant meteorological conditions on the hydrodynamics of a wide (aspect ratio ~ 2), relatively deep (seasonally stratified) and open lake embayment (Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva). A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) was employed to simulate flow in the lake. High-resolution maps of wind, temperature and humidity (over the lake) were applied as input to drive the model. Because wind was the main force driving flow in the lake, currents in the embayment were investigated systematically for different wind conditions and seasonal stratification. Satisfactory model validation was achieved using drifter and moored measurements within the embayment. Markedly different circulation patterns were measured within the embayment, with the transition from one pattern to another occurring abruptly for small changes in wind direction. These distinct patterns resulted from relatively small changes in the large gyre of Lake Geneva's main basin, especially the angle between the current in front of the embayment and the embayment shoreline. The boundary between the embayment and the pelagic zone was defined by the largest gyre within the embayment. This study shows that, (i) in a large lake, complex current patterns can occur even within a minor embayment, and (ii) that these patterns can transition rapidly over a small range of wind directions. Near-shore gyre can occur for lengthy periods, which has implications for flushing of discharges within the embayment.     

堵港蓄淡水库水体淡化预测研究

本文采用Delft3D三维分层模型研究堵港蓄淡水库水体淡化过程。用浙江省漩门二期堵港蓄淡水库长历时观测资料对模型进行验证和参数率定,水位、盐度及其分层的计算结果和观测资料基本吻合;在此基础上,该模型用于预测2004～2006年漩门二期堵港蓄淡水库在设计水文条件下运行时库内水体淡化过程及其效果。计算结果表明水库表层水体受径流影响较大,盐度下降很快,致使盐度分层明显,枯水年局部表层水体会出现返咸现象;深潭底部水体淡化很慢,应采取排盐措施。     

ENE向大风对黄骅港海域三维流场影响的模拟分析

使用DELF3D-FLOW模型模拟了ENE向8级大风作用下黄骅港海域的三维潮流场,并和无风作用时的潮流场进行比较分析。结果表明：大风作用时黄骅港近海海域出现明显的增水现象;大风对黄骅港行道附近涨潮流的增大作用并不明显,而对落潮流的减小作用很显著,潮流动力失衡可能导致黄骅港近岸泥沙含量较高;沿堤流及沿岸流作用加强。这些现象的综合作用,可能是港口及航道产生骤淤的原因。     

基于Delft3D的三峡水库不同工况下香溪河水动力水质模拟

三峡大坝高水位运行对库区支流水环境的影响一直是备受关注的问题。以三峡库区支流香溪河上游河段为例,基于Delft3D模型,进行水动力水质模拟研究。首先,采用模型中的Flow模块对研究水域构建了水动力模型,对研究河段2013年汛期和蓄水期的水动力时空特征进行模拟;然后利用Waq模块构建了水质模型,模拟了NH+4在大量排放之后的流动分布规律。模拟结果表明:香溪河在汛期呈现\"河相\",流速较大;在蓄水期香溪河的\"湖相\"化趋势明显,流速低,形成涡旋;在蓄水期,由于三峡库区水位抬升,造成香溪河流速缓慢,其水动力特征对污染物分布中起了决定性的作用,使污染物表现出明显的回水污染特征,威胁香溪河水质安全。研究结果可为三峡库区支流的区域化管理提供决策参考。     

Rapid water level rise drives unprecedented coastal habitat loss along the Great Lakes of North America

Lake Michigan rose to record high water levels in the 2010s; during this time, some coastal sites experienced habitat loss rates an order of magnitude higher than during previous high water periods throughout the 20th century. The high magnitude and rapid rate of rise observed during the 2012–2020 period in combination with a slight increase in the percentage of storm waves likely accelerated habitat loss rates beyond levels that were observed over the past century. Our data suggest that rapid and relatively large changes from low water levels to high water levels are the main driver of large erosional losses, as the coastal system shifts abruptly from one water-level regime to another. One likely impact of climate change on Great Lakes’ water level is an increase in the variability of fluctuations, thus more scenarios of abrupt and rapid water-level rise and associated habitat loss are expected in the future. We propose that the unprecedented habitat loss observed during the 2012–2020 timeframe will become the new normal in the coming century as enhanced variability in water levels facilitates sustained coastal land loss.     

基于Delft3D的苏州市渭塘镇河道水动力水质模拟

为探究苏州市渭塘镇平原河道水质提升的可行方案,基于Delft3D构建了该镇区河道的水动力水质耦合模型,采用Delft3D-FLOW模块对镇区河道2021年10月的水动力时空特征进行模拟,确定了镇区活水泵站与活水推流器的流量;采用Delft3D-WAQ模块,以CODMn、NH₃-N、TP为主要评价指标,论证了旁路净化设施规模的合理性。结果表明:模型水动力模拟结果较为理想,活水效果好;确定老镇片1号活水泵站流量为1.0 m³/s,确定珍珠湖片每组活水推流器感应流量为0.4 m³/s;水质模拟结果较为理想,镇区河道水体通过规模为2万m³/d的旁路净化设施处理后,水质能达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅳ类水标准,水质提升效果明显。     

波流和植物作用下辽河口潮滩湿地水沙运动过程数值模拟

运用Delft3D软件建立了盐沼植被作用下波流耦合数值模型,定量分析了辽河口潮滩湿地海域的水沙动力特性和泥沙落淤过程。结果表明:模型模拟的波浪、潮流及悬浮泥沙结果与实测数据相符,各测点模拟的悬浮泥沙浓度自表层至底层逐渐上升;不同盐沼植被如芦苇与盐地碱蓬,对潮滩流速的阻碍影响存在显著差异,在大潮期,芦苇能更有效地衰减水流速度;相比盐地碱蓬植被,芦苇在截留悬浮泥沙及促使泥沙落淤方面的作用更加显著。     

三峡水库不同水位运行下大宁河水动力过程模拟

三峡大坝的建成运行对库区支流水动力过程具有重要影响。以三峡库区支流大宁河为例,基于Delft3D模型,建立了大宁河大昌到长江口段平面二维水动力模型,并对三峡水库高水位和低水位运行条件下大宁河的水动力特征进行模拟计算,得到大宁河模拟区段水流流场的沿河分布。模拟结果表明:不管是三峡水库低水位或高水位运行,大宁河整体流速缓慢,均低于0.04 m/s;河流库湾区低水位时流速低于0.01 m/s,高水位时低于0.001 m/s,呈现明显的\"湖相\"特征,水体自净能力极大地削弱,易发\"水华\",影响大宁河水质安全。研究结果可为三峡库区支流的区域化管理提供决策参考。     

二次流对微弯河段水沙输移影响的数值模拟研究

二次流运动是影响弯道内流速、含沙量分布及河床冲淤变形的重要因素.以往二维数学模型很少考虑二次流运动对水沙输移的影响.本文采用Delft3D模型的二维计算模块,通过在水沙输移方程中添加附加应力项来考虑二次流运动的影响,计算了不同流量级时荆江沙市微弯河段的水沙要素分布,并用实测流速和含沙量资料验证了模型的可靠性.在此基础上,详细分析了二次流运动对流速、含沙量分布的影响,以及上游来流量大小与二次流对水沙输移影响程度的关系.最后对水流运动方程中的二次流附加应力项、水面比降项及阻力项的大小进行了量级分析.这些计算结果表明:二次流对水沙输移的影响程度随着来流量的增加而增大,但在微弯河段其影响程度很小.     

三峡水库运行以来入海径流与盐水入侵响应研究

为研究三峡水库运行以来盐水入侵对长江河口的影响,采用自行编译完成的Delft3D 4.01.01版本源代码,建立了大通到长江口外的二维水流盐度数学模型,综合分析入海径流量与盐水入侵的响应机制。研究表明Ddlft3D 4.01.01源代码能很好地模拟计算长江口水动力盐度分布,验证误差仅有10%~15%。从计算结果可以看出,盐水入侵情况与径流量关系明显,当大通站径流量为5 000 m~3/s时,长江口南支与北支均发生盐水入侵。随着径流量增大,淡水区域面积由南支右岸向下游进一步扩大。当径流量超过30 000 m~3/s时,南支基本不存在盐水入侵情况,可以保证水库正常取水安全。当存在风力作用时,盐水入侵明显,盐水浓度达到3.5 ppt以上,而无风情况下,盐水入侵趋势减弱,长江口南支河段区域的盐度一般满足灌溉水的标准(2.2‰)。     

HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SHORELINE OWC TYPE WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS

1. INTRODUCTIONPrototypes of wave energy converters have been constructed, and many remain operational in offshore and coastal waters in a number of countries including Japan and China［1~5］ . Of these energy converters, which are based on different conc…