基于信息对称、非对称和风险偏好的委托——代理模型比较

在参与人的风险偏好类型为风险中性或风险规避的前提下,给出了委托人和代理人风险偏好类型的4种组合,在不同的组合下,对对称信息和非对称信息两种情况中的八类委托——代理模型进行求解,通过求解结果对努力水平、分配系数进行了比较和分析,同时分析了委托人的期望效用在不同风险偏好组合下的变化情况。研究表明,对称信息下,无论委托人和代理人的风险偏好如何变化,代理人的努力水平保持不变;若委托人风险偏好类型确定,则代理人风险规避时承担的风险要小于代理人为风险中性时的风险。非对称信息下,只要代理人是风险中性的,则帕累托最优风险分担要求代理人承担完全的风险;若代理人风险规避,则委托人风险中性时代理人的努力水平和分配系数均小于委托人风险规避时代理人的努力水平和分配系数。若代理人是风险中性的,不仅对称信息和非对称信息下代理人的努力水平相等,而且无论委托人风险偏好如何变化,对于每种偏好组合,对称信息下代理人的分配系数均不大于非对称信息。若代理人是风险中性的,则委托人风险偏好的变化并不会改变自身的期望效用;若代理人是风险规避的,则风险中性的委托人期望效用最大。     

对称非对称动态演化博弈模型下驾驶员偷盗油品行为探究

文章利用对称和非对称演化博弈模型开展了驾驶员偷盗油品行为的探究,填补了国内外驾驶员偷盗油品行为经济学理论研究的空白,揭示了驾驶员之间以及驾驶员与监管部门之间动态博弈过程,能够在实际工作中进行有针对性的部署。     

From the Drive System to the Capital-Labor Accord: Econometric Tests for the Transition between Productivity Regimes

This article explores the emergence and consolidation of a new system of labor relations and productivity “regimes” in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. Was there a clearly identifiable transition in the U.S. between the “drive system,” which had structured labor relations after the turn of the century, and the “capital-labor accord” that came to dominate the organization of production after World War II? This article begins with a review of comparative international data. The U.S. economy achieved a major surge in relative productivity growth rates between the late 1930s and early 1950s, not attributable exclusively to wartime production itself. The hypothesis that U.S. productivity growth accelerated beginning in the late 1930s as a result of the institutionalization of a new set of production relations, the capital-labor accord, which formed one of the principal buttresses of the postwar social structure of accumulation (SSA), is formally tested. The econometric analysis supports the conclusion that this new set of production relations first took hold during the 1930s and 1940s, and that it can be distinguished clearly from the drive system prevailing from the turn of the century through the 1920s. It thus provides a formal econometric basis for tracing the transition between productivity regimes.     

Co-determination, Efficiency and Productivity

We present the first panel estimates of the productivity effects of the unique German institution of parity, board‐level co‐determination. Although our data span two severe recessions when labour hoarding costs of co‐determination are probably highest, and the panel is too short to capture the likely long‐run benefits in terms of human capital formation and job satisfaction, we find positive productivity effects of the 1976 extension to parity co‐determination in large firms.     

n元对称函数及其极值

本文利用矩阵论述了 n 元函数的对称性。得出了对称函数求极值的简便法则。     

信息技术革命与生产率悖论

信息技术革命无疑是人类经济史上一次意义深远的技术进步,但是统计上的观察表明,自20世纪六七十年代美国爆发信息技术革命以来,经济不仅没有得到更快的增长,而且与此前的年份相比,劳动生产率、全要素生产增长水平反而呈现出一种下降的趋势。理论上,一般把这种现象称作为“生产率悖论”。本文试图对这一悖论的几种解释进行考察和评析,以期为国内相关研究提供一个理论基础。     

聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料包装材料及其测试

聚苯乙烯材料是 1839年由 E@ Simon发明合成的 . 美国 1925年后开始批量生产 . 这种材料的优点是价格便宜、表面光洁度好、与纸箱配套做内包装抗冲击性能较好、易于注塑成型、比重小 , 重量轻 . 缺点是脆、有静电、不易降解 .     

The Determinants of Employee Productivity and Earnings

This paper uses data on employee wages and characteristics drawn from a nationwide sample of firms to re-examine the determinants of employee productivity and earnings. The results show that previous experience and tenure in the current job have significant, positive effects on wages and productivity. Hours of training are positively related to productivity and wage growth but generally not to levels of either. Lastly, gender effects are evident. Productivity growth and current productivity levels are slightly higher for females while their wages are significantly lower.     

Improving Productivity and Quality Through Collaboration

This study examines the impact of joint labor-management activities on perceived changes in productivity and quality, while controlling for the exercise of relative power options. Ordered probit estimates yield general support for the central proposition that the greater the intensity of joint activities, the greater the productivity and quality improvements. Mixed results are obtained regarding the impact of capital substitution, subcontracting, and concession bargaining on performance in collaborative settings.     

Sectoral Productivity and the Distribution of Wages

Policy reports suggesting that productivity growth will raise the earnings of low-wage workers are based on the concept that gains from productivity will trickle down to raise the wages of workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. The compensation and employment systems of American industry do strongly link gains in industry productivity to wage increases for most workers. However, this analysis finds that the linkage of productivity change to wage change for the workers at the lower end of the distribution is virtually nonexistent. The empirical results of this study suggest that productivity increases have no effect on the wage change of workers at the lowest 10th percentile of the distribution and widen the dispersion in industry wages.     

Heterogeneous Firms and Asymmetric Product Differentiation

We introduce asymmetric product differentiation in a model characterized by a linear demand system, endogenous markups and heterogeneous firms (as in Melitz‐Ottaviano [2008]). In particular, a single industry is divided into a number of market segments, each characterized by a different degree of horizontal product differentiation. Such a setup allows us to explain, within a single theoretical framework, the non‐linear relations between firm productivity, size and exporting behavior that have been documented by the empirical literature. The theoretical results are tested empirically by examining the performance of French wine producers operating in market segments characterized by different levels of horizontal product differentiation. Such segments are identified using the official classification of French wines based upon the controlled denomination of origin, i.e., the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system.     

Productivity Coalitions and the Future of European Corporatism

This paper argues that new technology, the recession, and changing condition in the world market have transformed the ogranization of work and the system of industrial relations in many European countries. Many show a tendency toward decentralized collective bargaining at he firm level. the growing strength of workers' representative at the firm level has weakend the highly centralized bargaining systems (corporatism) which have contributed much to the stability of industrial relations. Case studies, one of west German works councils and one of Italian labormanagement committees, support the argument.     

Efficiency and Productivity of China's Thermal Power Generation

In China, the State Power Corporation (SPC) dominated theelectric power sector. Our results from the data envelopmentanalysis (DEA) approach show that the total factor productivity(TFP) growth between 1995 and 2000 is 2.1 percent per yearon average. Technological change accounts for almost all theTFP growth. Municipalities and coastal provinces have achievedhigher technical efficiency and TFP growth during the periodunder study. Fuel efficiency and capacity utilization rate aresignificant factors affecting technical efficiency of powergeneration. Provinces and autonomous regions not dominated bySPC have achieved higher levels of technical efficiency.     

Imperfect Tests and Natural Insurance Monopolies

In a housing insurance market buildings have different damage probabilities. High-risk houses need investment, low-risk houses don't. Insurers use imperfect tests to assess risks. The market is a natural monopoly: with more than one active insurer, high-risk house owners continue to apply to insurers until they are eventually assigned to the low-risk class. The natural monopoly need not be sustainable. In equilibrium the incumbent accommodates entry even when the natural monopoly is sustainable. We explain recent observations from Germany and Switzerland where damage rates and prices went up drastically after the transition from state monopolies to competitive environments.     

提升和创新项目生产力理论

文章阐述了项目生产力理论的起源,在解析项目生产力概念、内涵和特征的基础上构建了基于项目生产力理论的建设项目管理基本框架体系;提出了提升和创新项目生产力理论的3个着力点.从健全和完善建设工程质量和安全生产保障体系、大力推进以工程总承包为主流模式的建设工程生产组织方式变革、持续推进建筑节能减排、加强企业知识管理和全员素质培养、积极推动和促进四化建设,以及加强政府与行业协会联动等6个方面,研究了提升和创新项目生产力理论的主要内容;明确了提升和创新项目生产力理论的目标.     

Corporate Real Estate Ownership and Productivity Uncertainty

This article empirically tests the relationship between corporate real estate (CRE) holdings and productivity risks of firms. Using a large sample of public listed U.S. firms for the period from 1984 to 2011, we show that CRE ownership is significantly and negatively correlated with productivity risks of firms. Firms with high‐productivity risk own less CRE assets. When testing dynamic changes to CRE holdings, we estimate a significant and positive elasticity of CRE investments of 5.2% in response to cash flow shocks. If the adjustment cost is high, high‐risk firms are expected to hold less CRE assets, so that they could reduce potential losses associated with CRE holdings when negative productive shocks occur.     

Asymmetric Price Effects of Competition

When price dispersion is prevalent, a relevant question is what happens to the whole distribution of equilibrium prices when the number of firms changes. Using data from the gasoline market in the Netherlands, we find, first, that markets with N competitors have price distributions that first‐order stochastically dominate the price distributions in markets with N+1 firms. Second, the effect of competition is stronger for the medium to upper percentiles of the price distribution. Finally, consumer gains from competition are larger for relatively well‐informed consumers. To account for these empirical patterns, we extend Varian's [1980] model by allowing for richer heterogeneity in consumer price information.     

Asymmetric rivalry within and between strategic groups

Our study examines asymmetric rivalry within and between strategic groups defined according to the size of their members. We hypothesize that, owing to several forms of group‐level effects, including switching costs and efficiency, strategic groups comprising large firms expect to experience a large amount of retaliation from firms within their group and accommodation from the group comprising smaller firms. Small firms, on the other hand, expect to experience a small amount of retaliation from the group comprising large firms and no reaction from the other firms in their group. We estimate the effect of group‐level strategic interactions on firm performance. Our analysis reveals that the rivalry behavior within and between groups is asymmetric, which supports the dominant‐fringe relation between firms, as described in our hypothesis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trade Unions and Productivity: The German Evidence

This paper provides a brief review of the empirical evidence on union productivity effects in Germany. The influence of trade unions on productivity is the net effect of conflicting forces which can lead to higher or lower productivity. Although the German dual system of workers' representation via unions and works councils is quite favourable to the existence of productivity-enhancing 'voice' effects, various empirical studies have not been able to detect significant positive net effects of these institutions on productivity.