理解老制度主义经济学

老制度经济学的代表人物一般认为发轫于凡勃伦、康芒斯,复兴于加尔布雷思等。他们的思想虽然学派林立,没有一个完整的理论体系,但是它让我们换一种角度来理解经济现象,不再迷信于正统的经济学,对西方经济思想的研究和批判以及对国内改革的指导具有一定的意义。本文先介绍老制度经济学的理论起源,然后分析老制度经济学的研究纲领和方法论特征,最后介绍一下老制度经济学的发展以及前沿,来阐述老制度学派熠熠生辉的思想。     

Some Simple Economics of Open Source

There has been a recent surge of interest in open source software development, which involves developers at many different locations and organizations sharing code to develop and refine programs. To an economist, the behavior of individual programmers and commercial companies engaged in open source projects is initially startling. This paper makes a preliminary exploration of the economics of open source software. We highlight the extent to which labor economics, especially the literature on 'career concerns', and industrial organization theory can explain many of these projects' features. We conclude by listing interesting research questions related to open source software.     

Efficiency in Second-Price Auctions: A New Look at Old Data

Experiments on second-price sealed-bid private value auctions have established that subjects typically bid more than their value, despite the fact that value bidding is a dominant strategy in such auctions. Moreover, the laboratory evidence shows that subjects do not learn to bid their values as they gain more experience. In the present paper, we re-examine the second-price auction data from Kagel and Levin’s (Econ J 103:868–879, 1993) classic paper. We find that auction efficiency increases over time, even though the frequency of overbidding is unchanged. We argue that the rise in efficiency is due to a decline in the variability of overbidding. This is consistent with subjects’ learning to bid more like each other.     

Case Study: The Engineering Economics of RFID in Specialized Manufacturing

Calibrated tools are essential to producing highly specialized, defect-free parts. These tools are used in many processes in specialty manufacturing operations. Personnel could use the improper tool if the calibrated tool has been lost or stolen. This results in reduced business productivity and increased cost due to poor quality. This study demonstrates the cost effectiveness of using a radio frequency identification (RFID) system to track calibrated tools throughout a production facility. The costs of RFID tool tracking are described and return on investments of plausible scenarios are determined. Also, sensitivity analysis is performed utilizing spider plot and tornado diagrams.     

The Economics of Architecture and Urban Design: Some Preliminary Findings

This paper makes a preliminary attempt to evaluate empirically the nature of the contribution of architectural quality to the value of buildings. An economic model is postulated that predicts equilibrium rent and vacancy behavior as a function of both design and non-design characteristics. Vacancies are created in equilibrium as a result of search and information costs and tenant heterogeneity and are observed by the landlord as price-inelastic demand behavior. Design quality is seen to influence both rent and vacancy behavior. Its effect, however, is dependent on characteristics both of the production and operating cost functions and of tenant demand for the design vs. non-design amenity. An important characteristic of the design amenity is that it is not, in general, independent of the production function for non-design amenities. The model is tested using disaggregate cross-sectional and longitudinal operating performance and amenity data from a set of 102 class A office buildings in Boston and Cambridge. Data on design quality for the set of buildings were provided by a detailed evaluation of each structure by a panel of architects. Results confirm a strong influence of design on rents; structures rated in the top 20% for design quality were predicted to extract almost 22% higher rents than those rated in the bottom 20%. In contrast, the data showed a weak relationship between vacancy behavior and design quality. Finally, good design was shown to cost more to produce on average, but not necessarily in every case. The magnitude of the point estimates of the rent, vacancy, and construction cost effects suggest that good design may not in fact be more profitable on average, but as with a lottery, may provide a small probability of a high return to the developer.     

Automobiles: The Old Economy Collides with the New

The U.S. automobile industry is beginning to confront the next major technology – the internet. Business-to-business manufacturing systems and supply exchanges, together with business-to-consumer ordering and purchase systems, all have the potential to bring great efficiencies to this traditional industry. But each of these innovations raises new competitive issues. Internet ordering will greatly diminish the role of conventional dealers, who have thus far blunted its impact. B2B exchanges raise concerns about buyer power and other competitive effects. This paper outlines and analyzes these internet-drivenchanges and their competitive implications for the industry, its dealers, suppliers, and customers.     

新兴古典经济学视角下的税收专业化管理分析

与所有的专业化进程一致,税收管理专业化是一个动态衍生过程,在这一过程中必然伴随的是某一特定“职业”知识的增进和效率的提高。在新兴古典经济学视野下,税收专业化管理往往建立在税收管理合宜性分工的基础上。税收专业化管理的主要目的是降低税收征管成本和对纳税人行为影响最小化。达到这一目标的主要方式包括：在税收管理分工不变前提下的效率提高;在税收管理岗位进一步合理化分工前提下提高管理过程迂回度,提高税收管理效率;提高税收管理组织效率。同时,税收专业化管理在新兴制度经济学意义上的关键作用,是解决税收管理中的信息缺失问题。     

新型面料的应用可穿戴设备与智能服装

本文从新型面料的开发,功能型面料的应用,可穿戴设备与智能服装的商品市场等角度出发,阐述了可穿戴技术的发展趋势,分析了新型面料在智能服装中的应用,逐步说明了新型服装面料对保健性能服装的影响,对特殊作业服装的影响,以及对职能运动服装的影响。而智能服装市场中的核心竞争力就是不断创新、改变和提升着的功能性新型面料。同时也了解到为什么越来越多的商家会将发展重心放到智能服装的研发上。事实证明这些新型面料的开发将服务于人们的日常生活,并能够使人们生活变得更便利、更健康、更舒适。     

Riskiness of Real Estate Development: A Perspective from Urban Economics and Option Value Theory

In this article, we define a new construct for urban economic and investment analysis, which revisits the conventional wisdom that investment in real estate development is riskier than investment in stabilized property assets. This new construct, referred as a “development asset value index” (DAVI), is a value index for newly developed properties (only) in a given geographical property market. It tracks longitudinal changes in the highest and best use (HBU) value of locations, and it reveals developer and landowner behavior taking advantage of the optionality inherent in land ownership. In particular, the DAVI reflects developers' use of flexibility in the exercise of the call option to (re)develop the property to any legal use and density. We empirically estimate a DAVI for commercial property (i.e., central locations) and compare it with a corresponding traditional transaction‐price‐based property asset price index (PAPI) corrected for depreciation. We believe that the difference primarily reflects the realized value of flexibility in land development. We find that the DAVIs display greater value growth and are smoother over time and less cyclical than their corresponding PAPIs for the same locations. This suggests that developers successfully use flexibility, and that development may be riskier than stabilized property investment due primarily only to leverage effects (construction costs). Practical implications are also discussed.     

关于设备与维修工程学术领域的几个问题

根据当前设备管理与维修工程学术领域方面存在一些不同看法，提出设备管理工作的指导思想、设备再制造、设备管理是不是企业行为等问题。     

工业经济学新体系研究

当工业经济学的客观基础发生了极大的变化，传统的工业经济学已经难以驾驭的时候，工业经济学本身应该做怎样的调整和发展呢?《新编工业经济学》的研究对象是：在市场经济条件下，工业生产以及同工业生产直接相关的经济行为、经济关系和经济规律，包括工业品生产、交换、消费过程中的一切经济现象。工业生产是采取自然物质资源，通过加工制造活动进行物质形态转换，使之成为人类生产和生活所需要的物质资料的过程。而在经济学的学科分类中，工业经济学就是研究工业生产领域中有限资源的有效利用和配置，以及由此产生的社会生产关系和人类福利问题的经济学分支学科。工业经济学是一门与时俱进的学科，关于其学科体系的研究尚处于初步阶段，而且工业经济学具有开放性。所以，工业经济学的学科体系是可发展的。随着研究的深入，工业经济学的学科体系也将不断完善和更具科学性。     

新能源车旧电池再生利用技术分析

随着经济的不断发展,新能源汽车越来越多的进入家庭。新能源汽车中使用的动力电池的回收和利用也成为社会关注的焦点。文章对国内外废旧电池回收利用的几种处理技术进行了综合比较,并提出符合中国实际需要的几种电池回收再生技术。     

Efficiency and Firm Ownership: Some New Evidence

The paper investigates the effect of state ownership on efficiency of firmsusing an econometric model that allows for the separation of technical from allocative efficiency in adynamic setting. The estimation results, based on a sample of international airlines, suggest that state ownershipis associated with lower technical and allocative efficiency. State ownership's effect on technical efficiencyis mainly a dynamic one – lowering the rate of cost decline, whereas its effect on allocativeefficiency is static – raising the level of costs. Thus lower technical, rather than allocative, efficiency isthe main reason for state-owned firms to be less efficient than their private counterparts.     

2002年国内外石油经济形势展望--国际篇

2002年即将到来。这是充满未知数的一年,也是中国石油工业迎接新考验的一年。 “9·11”事件改变了世界——国际关系特别是大国关系发生微妙变化;美、日、欧三大经济体同时步入“冷冬”;受世界经济衰退的影响,国际石油需求不振;欧佩克与非欧佩克携手维护国际石油价格遇到障碍;“长期的反恐战争”所造成的不确定因素可能给国际石油市场乃至中亚、里海及中东地区未来的石     

福田与IngeoTM(英吉尔)纤维携手推出环保面料--纺特适TM面料

福田实业(集团)有限公司是环球针织面料领先制造商.Ingeo(英吉尔)纤维是世界第一种用百分百每年可再生资源,例如玉米制造的人造纤维.