中国国内生产总值与教育之间关系的实证分析

本文从柯布-道格拉斯生产函数入手,将劳动力按受教育程度划分为四类分别进行处理.主要就中国国内生产总值(GDP)与各等教育程度劳动力和投资之间关系进行单整和协整检验,并建立误差修正模型(ECM),然后在协整条件下对各等教育程度劳动力与GDP的长、短期关系进行分析.文章的实证结果将为我国有关部门的政策决策提供有力依据.     

实证分析云南省人力资本与经济增长的关系

为了深入分析云南省GDP增长与教育水平提高之间的关系,选取1978～2008年31年数据、采用协整检验来分析两者之间的长期关系,用格兰杰因果检验来表明两者之间的因果关系。其结果表明:人力资本水平与资本的投入在长期对GDP有正的影响,劳动力数量对经济的增长作用不明显,要加大对教育和各种培训的投入。     

能源效率、二氧化碳排放效率与经济增长的关系分析

本文运用协整理论和误差修正模型,对世界和中国1971-2007年的能源效率、1960-2007年的CO2排放效率以及相应年度的GDP数据进行分析。结果表明,世界的CO2排放效率和GDP之间存在协整关系,中国的能源效率和GDP之间存在协整关系,且GDP是能源效率的Granger原因,从短期来看,GDP与能源效率呈正相关关系。     

重庆市公路货运量与经济增长关系的协整分析

利用协整理论及Eviews软件,对重庆市2000年-2014年公路货运量与经济发展相关指标进行协整分析,发现公路货运量与经济指标之间存在长期的均衡关系.Granger因果检验表明,公路货运量与公路里程数、 工业企业总数之间存在单项的Granger因果关系;与GDP互为Granger因果关系.正交脉冲响应与方差分解说明,GDP对公路货运量的影响程度强于公路货运量对GDP的影响程度.     

集装箱吞吐量与港口货物吞吐量、GDP的协整关系分析——以重庆市为例

针对我国经济逐步放缓,集装箱运输迅猛发展的现状,研究集装箱吞吐量与其它经济因素之间的关系.本文运用协整理论中的ADF检验、Johansen协整检验和Granger因果检验研究集装箱吞吐量与港口货物吞吐量、GDP值之间的协整关系.研究发现集装箱吞吐量与港口货物吞吐量和GDP值之间存在长期协整关系;集装箱吞吐量是GDP值和港口货物吞吐量的格兰杰原因,但是GDP值和港口货物吞吐量不是集装箱吞吐量的格兰杰原因;GDP值和港口货物吞吐量互为格兰杰因果关系.     

我国GDP增长率与城镇和农村PDI增长率关系的实证分析

基于目前仍有不少国内外人士怀疑人民没有分享到GDP的增长的成果这一看法,本文试图从实证的角度进行分析。从反映人民生活标准的最重要数据PDI(个人可支配收入)与GDP增长率的出发,经过检验发现,它们都是非平稳序列,且都满足I(1),并且GDP的增长率与城镇居民的PDI增长率和农村居民PDI增长率存在较明显的的协整关系。然后分析结构是否存在变结构协整。最后得出结论:在一定程度上,GDP的增长虽然可以在一定程度上反映人民生活水平的提高,但有相当一部分GDP的增长并没有提高人们的可支配收入。     

我国税收收入与GDP关系的实证及预测分析

利用我国1978-2011年的相关数据建立税收与GDP之间的平稳VAR模型,并通过单位根检验、协整检验和Granger因果检验对税收收入与GDP之间的关系进行了实证研究.协整检验结果表明它们之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,税收增长率大于GDP增长率;Granger因果关系检验表明它们之间存在税收收入对GDP的单向因果关系.最后采用不需要严格理论支持的VAR方法,建立了税收收入预测模型并取得了较好效果.     

广州市地方财政收入与经济增长关系的实证分析

运用计量经济学的有关方法,对广州市1950年到2011年的地方财政收入和地区内生产总值(GDP)之间的时间序列数据进行了协整关系的检验,误差修正模型的检验和格兰杰因果关系的检验。所得主要结论有:地区内经济增长与财政收入之间存在着协整关系,GDP对地方财政收入的增加具有明显的作用。由格兰杰检验可知,地区经济增长与地方财政收入的增加有明显的因果关系。     

山西省能源消费与经济增长关系的实证分析

文章运用协整理论、Granger因果关系理论及误差修正模型,研究了1978—2008年山西省GDP与能源消费各构成部分之间的关系。结果表明,山西省GDP与能源消费总量、煤炭消费、电力消费之间存在着协整关系,且GDP是能源消费总量和电力消费的单向Granger原因,反映出山西经济属于增长诱致的能源需求型经济,采用节能政策而不牺牲山西省经济的增长是可行的,并提出促进能源多元化发展、提高能源利用效率、加强政府引导的政策建议。     

税收收入与经济增长的动态关系研究——以河北省为例

基于税收收入与经济增长的相关理论和河北省1994—2011年的税收收入和GDP的相关数据,对税收收入与GDP总量的历史数据进行平稳性检验、格兰杰检验和协整分析,最后建立河北省税收收入与GDP总量的误差修正模型。研究结果表明,河北省的税收收入与GDP存在长期的协整关系,从模型可知,当GDP增长1％时,税收收入增加1．156710％;格兰杰因果检验的结果表明,税收收入和GDP之间互为格兰杰原因;河北省的税收收入增长存在超GDP增长速度。     

Shrinking the state or the Big Society? Public service employment relations in an era of austerity

The Big Society is an integral part of the coalition's plans for public service retrenchment, but it is premature to dismiss it as exclusively concerned with expenditure cuts and privatisation. The Big Society signals the government's ambition to transform public services and it is the rubric that is being used to shrink the state and undermine long‐standing systems of public service employment relations. This article considers the origins and meaning of the Big Society and then assesses its consequences for public service provision and the workforce. The Big Society is integrally connected to deficit reduction with the voluntary sector and an increased emphasis on volunteering promoted as a more user‐centred and cost‐effective way of delivering public services in tough times. For the workforce, more competition between diverse providers in conjunction with budget cuts is placing downward pressure on terms and conditions and encouraging employers to question the continuation of national pay determination in many parts of the public sector.     

The Disability Discrimination Act—an early response of employers

This article seeks to provide an insight into how employers have initially responded to the DDA. From a study of twenty four organisations it was found that many were revising their policies and procedures on disability as a result of the Act. However, it is suggested that there were problems of implementation due to attitudes among the workforce, operational and budgetary restrictions within decentralised management structures and lack of information and ambiguity regarding key provisions of the DDA.     

Global problems,local solutions: unfree labour relations and seafarer employment with crewing agencies in China

This article documents and discusses a local labour control regime employed by Chinese crewing agencies to restrict the mobility of newly graduated officer seafarers. The shipping industry relies on a stable and skilled seafarer workforce on flexible employment, assembled globally with the help of local crewing agencies. A stable workforce and flexible employment do not seem easily compatible. This article examines how Chinese crewing agencies help manage this tension in China through analysing the experience of seafarers. It argues that to cater for the demand of international shipping companies, Chinese crewing agencies adopt a particular local labour control regime that re/produces unfree labour relations. The local control regime is built on existing institutional practices in China, structural weaknesses of seafarers and the disjunctions between the local institutional set‐ups and the global chains of labour supply.     

Industrial relations,new technology and divisions within the workforce

Discussions of industrial relations and new technology often treat employers and employees as homogeneous groups. This article, based on a study of the introduction of electronic news gathering equipment into an independent television company, suggests that new technology can be a source of conflict and rivalry between different sections of the workforce.     

Translating socially responsible workforce reduction—A longitudinal study of workforce reduction in a Swedish company

This article seeks to add to our understanding of the significance and impact of processes of translation in the context of socially responsible workforce reduction. Abandoning the tendency among researchers and policy-makers to regard socially responsible workforce reduction as a stable feature or model that can be passed on and implemented in any organisation regardless of the local context, it will be claimed here that any attempt to understand what socially responsible workforce reduction means in practice must take account of the context in which it occurs and the processes whereby new ideas are imitated and translated by local actors. This claim will be supported by field data from a large Swedish company that has been undergoing extensive restructuring since the beginning of the 1990s. The implications of the article highlight the need for researchers to take account of the way workforce reduction practices are connected over time and to consider the space for translation available to local actors when it comes to defining the meaning of socially responsible workforce reduction in their own local context. The paper also contributes to our understanding of the interrelationship between the translation of such ideas and the processes of institutionalisation.     

The Saliency of Synecdoche: The Part and the Whole of Employment Relations

ABSTRACT Literary and rhetorical tropes invoke a transference of meaning from the common usage of a word or phrase. Organizational analysis research and writing in this area has concentrated upon the trope of metaphor. In this article it is argued that we should extend our attention to other tropes. To that end, the article identifies and illustrates the saliency of the trope of synecdoche through a discussion of employment relations. Following a brief identification of metaphor within writings on employment relations, the article goes onto discuss synecdoche as one of the ‘four master tropes’. We then argue that the trope is important in relation to how we write about and understand employment relations. Use of the trope is then illustrated through analysis of interview comments on local pay in the National Health Service. Finally, the saliency or prominence of synecdoche is argued through two related arguments, the nature of the rhetorical setting and the rhetorical nature of the employment relations setting.     

Technology and growth — measures and concepts: a case study of Denmark

Listed according to GDP per capita, Denmark ranks twelfth in the world and fourth in the European Economic Community (EEC). However, traditional technology indicators such as R&D intensity rank Denmark surprisingly low in the hierarchy of developed countries — surprisingly low in relation to the general assumption that high GDP is often associated with a high R&D effort [1]. This is particularly the case in a country which, like Denmark, lacks important natural resources and has relatively high wages for the unskilled workforce.Although there is no strict theoretical reason for this assumption, especially in a neo-classical/neo-factor proportion approach, the discrepancy between the levels of GDP and R&D makes it interesting to determine whether technology stems from sources other than immediately measurable R&D efforts.In the following we outline the Danish economy, and then see how knowledge and technology may be produced to explain the discrepancy between Denmark's economic level and its level of R&D.     

Competitive strategy and skills: working out the fit in the fitness industry

It is widely accepted that creating quality products and services requires a well‐trained and skilled workforce. This article seeks to contribute to unpicking the relationship between business strategy and skills in the service sector by presenting research findings from the UK fitness industry. This sector has grown quickly and includes companies that compete on the basis of high‐quality services, alongside those competing largely on cost. If the route to a high‐skills economy is to shift more firms towards the higher‐quality end of the market, we would expect to find employers in these companies making use of a workforce with higher levels of skill. The research from the fitness industry questions this simple relationship, finding that there is no clear link between competitive strategy and skills. As market position is not necessarily the impetus for improving the skills of the workforce, the article then briefly explores what other factors may also be required.     

Externalization of employees: thinking about going somewhere else

Externalization of employment relations was a general trend among businesses in the 1990s. As a consequence we observe an increasing use of temporary workers, outsourcing and insourcing. This paper is concerned with the consequences of externalization of employment relations from the perspective of employees. The paper is based on an in-depth empirical study of a corporate adjustment programme in a large government-owned energy producer in Sweden. The company is trying to stimulate internal mobility by means of training programmes, adjusting its workforce to changes in market demand without lay-offs. I argue that externalization of employment relations is not only a matter of temporary, administrative or geographical distance between employer and employee. Instead a complementary form - externalization of responsibility - is suggested. The results may have consequences for the understanding of human resource policies aiming at employability.     

西部地区物流业对经济增长的经验分析

物流业的发展和地区经济的发展之间存在着相互促进的关系。文章选取西部地区GDP及货运周转量指标,通过对其建立计量模型展开系统的研究,揭示了区域物流业与区域经济之间的内在经济关系,即它们之间是一种长期均衡的关系（协整分析）：并在此基础上计算货运周转量单位增长所带来的区域GDP的增长的弹性值;最后,建立ARIMA模型对2007-2010年中国西部地区货运周转量进行预测：