城市外来人口工资差异的分位数回归分析

文章以2008年四大城市的外来人口问卷调查资料为基础,利用分位数回归模型和分位数分解法对本地市民、农民工和外来市民三个群体的工资收入进行了分析.研究发现:(1)在不同分位数上,三个群体之间的个体工资收入存在一定的差异.(2)个人禀赋和就业环境等影响因素在不同群体的不同收入层次中所起的作用有所不同.(3)不同群体的工资差异是由个体特征差异和制度性歧视共同作用的结果,并且,在大部分分位数上制度性歧视的影响程度要大于特征差异.     

刘易斯转折点后我国城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化

运用北京大学中国社会科学调查中心实施的中国家庭追踪调查数据,将城市劳动力按照户籍和劳动力是否跨县流动划分为本地城镇、本地农村、外来城镇、外来农村4类,并运用Oaxaca-Blinder方法对城镇劳动力和农村劳动力的就业机会与工资收入差距进行分解,分析了2012年至2016年我国劳动力市场上就业机会和工资收入歧视的变化.结果表明,随着时间的推移,农村劳动力遭受的就业和工资的户籍歧视程度在下降,但面临的户籍歧视仍不可忽视,外来劳动力遭受的户籍歧视比本地劳动力更严重.此外,教育对就业获得及工资收入有显著的正向影响,城镇劳动力可以获得更高的教育回报率.     

城市外来劳动力的性别收入差距与工资歧视———基于非条件分位数回归的分解方法

内容文章利用非条件分位数回归的分解方法对2011年城市外来劳动力群体的性别工资差距进行了分析.研究发现:(1)城市外来劳动力群体中,性别间受教育程度的差异已经变得不太显著,但在职业方面针对女性外来劳动力的“粘性地板”现象仍然十分突出.(2)人力资本禀赋和就业职业特征对男性与女性外来劳动力工资的影响程度有所不同,不同收入分位数上的影响系数也有明显的差异.(3)性别歧视是造成外来劳动力性别间收入差距的主要原因,而男性与女性劳动者工作经验的差距以及工作经验收益率的差异已经取代教育因素成为了性别收入差距中的突出问题     

农业转移人口的人力资本与城市融入度实证分析

农业转移人口的人力资本是其城市融入度的重要影响因素。文章基于贵州省351位农业转移人口的实地调查数据,对农业转移人口的人力资本与其城市融入度之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果发现,学历、培训次数、工作年限、健康均会对其城市融入度产生一定的影响。     

新疆农村剩余劳动力转移影响因素研究——基于分位数回归方法

本文将新疆农村剩余劳动力转移作为研究对象,以影响因素为切入点,分别从劳动力因素、制度因素和容量因素中筛选出7个指标,运用多元回归和分位数回归方法,系统分析和判断新时期新疆农村剩余劳动力转移的关键因素及其在不同分位点上的影响程度。研究表明：在整个分位点上,城镇登记失业率、人口自然增长率对新疆农村剩余劳动力转移的影响最大,其次是人均耕地面积的影响;在高剩余阶段,制度变迁指数、第二产业产值比重、少数民族人口比重对新疆农村剩余劳动力转移的影响较大,城乡收入差距在整个分位点上的影响较小。为此,提出促进新疆农村剩余劳动力转移的具体措施。     

我国农业转移人口差别待遇的问题成因与解决路径

农业转移人口在城市受到有别于城市居民的差别待遇,究其原因在于制度设计的缺陷以及制度创新的滞后,城市居民的自我保护心理和排外行为以及农业转移人口自身难以融入城市。制度创新是实现农业转移人口无差别待遇的治本之策,加强社区治理是实现农业转移人口无差别待遇的重要因素,提高农业转移人口的综合素质是实现无差别待遇的个体条件,农业转移人口子女公平接受教育是防止差别待遇代际传递的根本举措。     

城市人力资本如何影响工资水平?

文章基于CHIP2013微观数据,运用分层线性等模型考察了经济集聚情况下城市人力资本对工资影响的四种微观机制,结果发现：地区人力资本深度对个体工资有显著促进作用,信息技术服务业专业化也有一定正影响,产业多样化虽与工资存在负相关,但在控制内生性后影响不显著,就业密度则有微弱促进作用。异质性分析表明：人力资本深度对女性、受教育程度高者工资的边际效应更强,且对东部的作用远远超过对中西部地区的影响。同时其效果随着收入分位数的提高而递减,减少了不同群体的收入差距,但收入阶层间差异并不显著;信息技术专业化程度同样对于女性和受教育程度高者边际作用更强,且其对最高收入分位点人群的促进作用最大;多样化程度对工资的抑制作用不稳健,对东部人群的工资消极影响更加显著,对中下等收入及以上的群体工资抑制随收入层次上升而递减。     

成都农业转移人口市民化问题研究

作为西部特大中心城市,成都常住人口城镇化加速与农业转移人口市民化滞后并存。农业转移人口市民化面临的主要问题是农民工就业稳定性差、城市居住现实和居住意愿之间差距大和城市融入任重道远。应推进以人为核心的新型城镇化,继续深化户籍制度改革,拓宽住房保障渠道,坚持工业化和城镇化良性互动,注重农民工城市融合,有重点分步骤解决好农业转移人口市民化问题。     

教育回报与城乡教育资源配置

本文利用两次劳动力调查数据,考察了城市中来自于农村的外来劳动力和城市本地劳动力在不同教育阶段的教育回报。研究发现,不论是来自于农村的外来劳动力,还是城市本地劳动力,仅仅接受初中教育对工资提高的边际作用已经不大。外来劳动力在高中或中专阶段的教育回报显著高于城市劳动力。对外来劳动力而言,接受高中或中专教育是显著提高工资的重要转折点;对城市劳动力而言,接受大专及以上教育才是显著提高工资的重要转折点。文章指出,国家应该对义务教育以上阶段的教育加大投入,在增加可用于农村教育的资源的同时,应该逐步提升高中或中专教育在农村教育发展中的优先地位,在城市地区,则应该让更多高中或中专毕业生接受大专及以上的教育。     

城镇居民和流动人口工资差距:户籍歧视还是性别歧视

本文利用2012年城镇居民和流动人口的调查数据,对户籍工资差距、性别工资差距及影响因素进行了定量研究.数据结果表明:户籍歧视造成的工资不平等问题对于低工资收入人群来说相当严重;性别歧视造成的工资不平等及矛盾主要集中在低工资水平的就业者,而对于中高收入的劳动者而言,尽管收入越高性别工资差距越大,但都与个人特征相关;户籍工资差异和性别工资差异呈现出随收入增加而扩大的趋势,但鉴于工资差距原因不同,户籍歧视是主要阻碍劳动力市场的“帕累托效率”的问题所在.     

城市基础设施水平如何影响居民工资收入:溢价还是折价

已有文献多从宏观视角上考察基础设施的经济增长效应,文章则从微观视角出发,探讨城市基础设施影响居民收入的微观机制并对其进行实证检验。文章将“中国家庭收入调查（CHIP）”数据与城市特征数据相结合,将城市土地出让收入变动作为城市基础设施的工具变量,通过2SLS方法估计了基础设施水平对居民工资收入的影响。结果表明：基础设施水平对城市居民工资收入具有溢价作用。城市居民名义工资在基础设施水平高的城市更高。基础设施水平对工资收入的溢价作用受居民教育异质性的影响,居民教育水平越高,基础设施水平的溢价作用越大。     

The Hukou system's constraints on migrant workers' job mobility in Chinese cities

Most studies on discrimination against migrants in Chinese cities focus on wage differentials. This paper endeavours to develop an alternative way of explaining the institutional discrimination against migrants by studying workers' job mobility rates in three cities: Beijing, WuXi and Zhuhai. Migrants are commonly perceived to have high occupational mobility; however, Cox proportional hazards regressions in this paper show a different picture. Institutional discrimination reduces the number of jobs available to the migrants, increases their job search costs and the cost of losing jobs. Even though migrants take jobs unacceptable to local residents, the effects of this institutional discrimination still constrain migrants in changing jobs. The regressions show that temporary migrants have longer job durations and shorter unemployment durations than local people or permanent migrants. Moreover, migrants start to change jobs more often only after they have stayed in the city for some time and have accumulated enough assets to be able to survive when unemployed.     

Decomposing wage differentials between migrant workers and urban workers in urban China's labor markets

This paper looks at wage discrimination faced by China's rural–urban migrants. Using data from the China Urban Labour Survey, it uses standard wage decomposition techniques to measure the extent wage gaps between migrants and locals are attributable to migration. Because the survey covers five cities, the results allow for an investigation regarding how much variation in discrimination there is. Unlike previous studies of wage discrimination in China, this research includes a more full measure of remuneration by including non-financial benefits as well as bonuses earned. The results suggest that migrants still face a significant amount of discrimination, but that this varies a lot between cities.     

政府推动的就近城镇化能够消除工资歧视吗

随着大中城市城镇化空间的逐渐饱和以及农民工回流现象的出现,就近城镇化成为推进我国新型城镇化进程的重要模式。文章基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查(CMDS)数据,研究政府推动的就近城镇化对农村劳动力工资收入的影响发现:政府通过征地、户口改革方式推动的就近城镇化并不能够消除工资歧视,实现就近城镇化的农村劳动力在其他条件相同的情况下其工资水平仍然低于城镇本地职工,这一结论在纠正自选择偏差和样本选择偏差后仍然成立。机制分析发现,城镇劳动力市场针对实现就近城镇化的农村劳动力在就业机会方面的歧视与隔离已不明显,同工不同酬成为实现就近城镇化者面临的主要歧视形式,而城乡劳动力之间教育回报率的差异是导致同工不同酬的主要原因。进一步讨论发现,就近城镇化对于农村劳动力参保城镇职工保险具有显著的提升作用,而自我雇佣的就业形式则有助于打破城镇劳动力市场对农村劳动力的收入歧视。文章拓展研究了就近城镇化对农村劳动力工资收入的影响,为政府进一步推进以县域城镇化为主要形式的就近城镇化提供了研究参考。未来应持续推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,进一步缩小城乡教育质量差异,加强农村劳动力"同工同酬"的保护力度,稳步推进农村劳动力的就近城镇化。     

Has China run out of surplus labour?

Many recent studies claim that China has reached a Lewisian ‘turning point’ in economic development, signalled by rising wages in urban areas and the exhaustion of rural surplus labour. In this paper we show that despite some evidence of rising nominal urban unskilled wages between 2000 and 2009, there is little in the data to suggest that this wage increase has been caused by unskilled labour shortages. China still has abundant under-employed workers with very low income in the rural sector. We argue that China's unique institutional and policy-induced barriers to migration have both prevented many rural workers from migrating to cities and also reduced the migrants' length of stay. We project that under alternative institutional settings, the migrant stock could easily be doubled from the current 150 million to 300 million by increasing either the average length of migrant stay, or the migrant inflow, or both.     

Off‐farm wage returns to education: Evidence from Lesotho

This article presents estimates of off‐farm wage returns to education in rural areas of Lesotho. Results from a sample survey conducted in the northern Lowlands and Foothills of Lesotho indicate that returns to education are relatively higher for people wage‐employed in Lesotho than those wage‐employed as migrants in South Africa. For people working within Lesotho, education appears to have a significant and positive effect on off‐farm wages. Most people working within Lesotho are employed as teachers, nurses and civil servants and these job categories require an educated labour force. For people wage‐employed in South Africa, education appears not to have a significant effect on off‐farm wages. Most men working in South Africa are employed as labourers in mines while women working in South Africa are employed as domestic servants.     

二元结构下我国城镇劳动力市场中的性别工资差异研究

文章利用CHIP2002和CHIP2013数据,采用基于RIF无条件分位数回归的分解法,比较了不同时间维度和不同分位数水平上,我国农民工和城镇职工的性别工资差距及其形成机理。研究结果表明：第一,我国城镇劳动力市场中的性别工资差距不断扩大,其中农民工的性别工资差距全方位扩大,且低分位数上的增速最快,致使2013年其各分位数上的性别工资差距超过城镇职工。其中,低收入城镇职工与中等收入农民工群体的性别工资差距及其来源具有相似特征。第二,系数效应是造成城镇职工和农民工性别工资差异的主要因素,两个群体的性别歧视均有所增强。但与城镇职工相比,农民工群体的性别歧视较大且增速较快。由于低收入群体中性别歧视的快速增长,城镇劳动力市场中遭受性别歧视最严重的群体由2002年的高收入的城镇女性职工和高收入的女性农民工,转变为2013年中等收入的女性农民工和低收入的城镇女性职工。第三,尽管针对中高收入城镇女性职工的市场前歧视和市场歧视均有所弱化,但低收入的城镇女性人力资本水平及其回报率仍低于同类男性,呈现与女性农民工相似的特点。上述结果意味着,城镇劳动力市场中不同户籍、不同收入水平的女性,遭受着不同程度的性别歧视,应针对不同群体采用差别化的性别干预政策。     

Internal migration and external benefit: The impact of labor migration on the wage structure in urban China

China provides a unique experience of massive internal (within-country) migration but with high segregation of jobs between migrants and natives. Thus, migration has a complementary external effect on native wages: the elasticities of complementarity of migrants are about 31.7%, 20.3%, and 19.9% for native workers with a college, high school and less than high school education, respectively. After the wage is deflated by the housing price, the elasticities decline to 11%, 8.2% and −4.4% for the respective education groups, which provides the lower-bound analysis results. In addition, migration has widened wage dispersion, as well as increasing the education premium and residual inequality. The elasticity of substitution in jobs between migrants and natives is very low due to the hukou restriction, and increasing proportions of migrants in any given labor force widen the migrant/native wage gap. Job segregation is an important factor that explains particular labor market findings in China.     

Wage differentials between local and foreign workers in Macao: Discrimination?

This paper looks into the wage differential between local and foreign workers in Macao. We applied standard wage decomposition techniques to official wage statistics to identify wage gaps according to sector and occupation, among other dimensions. The results suggest that, in addition to wage discrimination against foreign workers as a whole, Macao’s employers tend to pay skilled foreign workers premium wages, whereas less-skilled foreign workers receive lower wages than their local counterparts.     

Institutional wage-setting,labour demand and labour supply: Causal estimates from a South African pseudo-panel

Unemployment in South Africa has multiple causes. This article uses a district pseudo-panel to estimate the elasticity of labour demand, labour supply and unemployment with respect to wages. We assess whether hiring decisions are more sensitive to increases in wages of low-paid workers than high-paid workers, and whether wage growth prompts entry into the labour market. These channels combine to result in the positive causal effect of wage growth on unemployment. The research investigates whether these effects are dominated by districts in which unionisation rates are high and employment is concentrated in large firms. Wage growth of middle-paid to highly paid workers – as opposed to low-paid workers – reduces local labour demand and raises local unemployment. Bargaining arrangements correspond closely to the spatial wage distribution; in turn, a large part of the impact that wage growth has on labour market outcomes is determined by these wage-setting institutions.