Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Propensity*

Using data from representative population surveys in 17 countries, we find that the lower rate of female business ownership is primarily due to women's lower propensity to start businesses rather than to differences in survival rates across genders. We show that women are less confident in their entrepreneurial skills, have different social networks and exhibit higher fear of failure than men. After controlling for endogeneity, we find that these variables explain a substantial part of the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Although, of course, their relative importance varies significantly across countries, these factors appear to have a universal effect.     

两性语言的语言学特征差异

语言中的性别差异是客观存在的社会现象。本文试从语音与语调、词汇、句法等语言学方面的特征探讨了两性语言的差异,并从心理、生理、社会三个角度说明了导致语言中性别差异的原因。     

Ingratiation in the Workplace: The Role of Subordinate and Supervisor Political Skill

Over two decades, social influence researchers have called for a study that would examine how, why, and when influence tactics are effective. Informed by balance theory, the present study proposes that subordinate and supervisor political skill impacts the effectiveness of ingratiation attempts. The results from a survey of 228 supervisor–subordinate dyads in Chinese firms indicated that subordinates with high political skill are less likely to have their exhibited ingratiation behaviour perceived by their supervisors; however, supervisors with high political skill are likely to perceive ingratiation behaviour demonstrated by their subordinates. Moreover, the most successful condition for enabling subordinates to hide ingratiation from their supervisors is when the subordinates are politically astute and the supervisors are not. Furthermore, when supervisors perceive ingratiation behaviour, they rate low on the job performance and promotability of their subordinates; these low ratings are explained by the undermined personal reputation of the subordinates due to their ingratiation detected.     

Promotions in the Spanish Labour Market: Differences by Gender

In this paper we compare the professional careers of women and men in the Spanish labour market. We use a sample from the Encuesta de Estructura, Conciencia y Biografia de Clase (1991) to estimate count data models (negative binomial models) to explain the number of promotions received in the firm, for males and females separately. Then, using the estimated coefficients from these models, we apply a variant of Oaxaca's decomposition approach to divide the gap in average promotions by gender into two parts: one of them due to differences in endowments and the other is associated with differences in the 'return' of such as endowments in terms of opportunities of upward mobility. The findings indicate that women receive fewer promotions than men with the same qualifications due to differential treatment in the market.     

Developing and Utilizing Network Resources: Roles of Political Skill

This study examines the role of political skill in the development and utilization of network resources at the individual level. Drawing on the behavioural and network perspectives as well as political skill literature, we propose that political skill increases one's network resources (developing network), which will benefit his/her performance and career success. Moreover, political skill is hypothesized to strengthen the relationships between network resources and performance and career outcomes (utilizing network). A two‐wave study on a sample of 281 supervisor–subordinate dyads from six electronic firms in China confirms our hypotheses. Our examination of the dual role of political skill facilitates a better understanding of the networking process from the perspective of individual skill/behaviour, thus enriching the behavioural theory and network literature. Implications are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.     

Gender Differences in the Effect of Education on the Slope of Experience-Earnings Profiles

A bstract . TWO earnings models are estimated for men and women of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (1979 to 1988). Model 1 (a standard human capital equation) indicates women receive a relatively higher earnings effect from another year of education and week of work, suggesting that narrowing of the wage gap can occur through increasing these. However, increases in female education of over 20%, or increases in weeks worked of over 100% are needed to bring female earnings to the level of white males. Model 2, which includes the interaction between education and work experience, shows that more educated men have steeper experience-earnings profiles while more educated women do not. This finding indicates different earnings growth patterns among similarly skilled and market attached men and women. Results imply that increasing female skills and work effort alone are insufficient in obtaining more equitable market outcomes and that the continuation of affirmative action policies are needed to achieve this goal.     

Gender Differences in Managerial Attitudes Towards Unearned Privilege and Favoritism in the Retail Sector

This paper describes the concepts of unearned privilege and favoritism and tests if there are differences in managerial attitudes towards the use of these behaviors based on respondent gender. Respondents included 180 managers employed with a large retail organization located in the southern part of the United States. The results indicate that female managers more strongly disapproved of the use of unearned privilege in making promotion decisions and more strongly disapproved of the decision to use favoritism in decision making related to customer relations. The results also indicated that male managers were less likely to disapprove of the use of unearned privilege when they had greater years of management experience. In addition, the most experienced female managers reported disapproval levels for the use favoritism in decision making related to customer relations equal to that of the most experienced male managers.     

Effects of Mentoring on the Development of Leadership Self‐Efficacy and Political Skill

This study of 260 business graduate students considered the relationship between mentoring and leadership self‐efficacy, and mentoring and political skill. Comparisons between nonmentored and mentored individuals showed that having a mentor was associated with increased political skill but not with increased leadership self‐efficacy. Among mentees, higher quality mentoring relationships were associated with significantly higher leadership self‐efficacy but not with significantly higher political skill. Results suggest that the presence of a mentor affects protégé development of political skill, but the quality of the relationship is important for protégé development of leadership self‐efficacy.     

Gendering and Gender in Public Service Organizations: Changing Professional Identities Under New Public Management

This article examines the enactment of new public management (NPM) in public service professional organizations, the nature of professional/managerial subjectivities promoted within the NPM discourse, and the implications for male and female professionals/managers. The article has two aims. First, taking a gender ing organization perspective, it explores the gendered meanings of NPM and the promotion of new professional/managerial subjectivities. Second, focusing on gender in organizations, the article then considers the implications of the enactment of NPM for male and female professionals/managers. The article illustrates the complex, manifold and fluid nature of both the meanings ascribed to NPM and individual responses. It is argued that a gender lens offers a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of NPM enactment and the implications of this for public service professionals/managers are considered.     

Political Skill,Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi and Career Prospects in Chinese Firms

The role of political skill was examined in the dynamics of supervisor–subordinate relationship in Chinese firms. Data from a survey of 343 employees, their 343 direct supervisors, and 662 of their peers were applied to test a model proposing that Chinese subordinates employ political skill to influence their guanxi with their supervisors, and so promote their career development. We found that supervisor–subordinate guanxi mediated the relationship between political skill and career development of the subordinates. Implications of the findings were discussed.     

信息加工两分法对性别差异的解释及其对广告的启示

在解释信息加工的性别差异上,研究者们依据信息加工两分法提出选择性假设和项目特定性、相关性加工假设两种解释。前者认为男性更多受整体信息主题或图式的驱动,女性更易接受细节化的信息内容;后者认为男性更倾向于项目特定性加工而女性更倾向于相关性加工。这两种解释对广告的策划与制作具有新的启示。     

Coping with Workplace Ostracism: The Roles of Ingratiation and Political Skill in Employee Psychological Distress

The study reported here examined the relationship between workplace ostracism and employee psychological distress (i.e. job tension, emotional exhaustion, and depressed mood at work) by focusing on the joint moderating effects of ingratiation and political skill. Data from a two‐wave survey of 215 employees in two oil and gas firms in China indicated that as predicted, workplace ostracism was positively related to psychological distress. Moreover, the findings showed that when employee political skill was high, ingratiation neutralized the relationship between workplace ostracism and psychological distress, but when it was low, ingratiation exacerbated the relationship.     

我国中部地区金融效率测试及效率差异研究

运用数据包络分析方法(DEA)测度了2003-2012年我国中部地区的金融效率,结果显示,中部地区的金融效率整体水平较低,且近十年间金融效率改善不大,金融效率呈现省内差异较大而省际差异较小的特征。因此,我国必须深化金融体系改革,金融发展不能只重视金融数量扩张,也必须重视金融发展的质量和效率。     

Subordinate‐Superior Upward Communication: Power,Politics, and Political Skill

A multiphase study involving 1,285 respondents was conducted to answer an important yet overlooked question: for a job requiring frequent informal communication with superiors, should an organization focus more on selecting employees with higher trait‐like willingness to communicate or on providing an environment where the flow of communication is easy and aided? We found support for the latter. Further, we observed that subordinates alter their communication behaviors based on the perception of superior's power, politics in the organization, and their own political skills. The study contributes to a better understanding of how situational variables affect subordinate‐superior upward communication. Implications of the study are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响分析

在现在这个激烈竞争的时代,高管对上市公司投资行为的影响越来越大。高管是公司投资决策的制定者和执行者,但是已有关于高管特征的研究仅涉及年龄、教育、任期、职业背景、社会经济地位等几个方面,较少涉及高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响。而高管性别差异又可能是影响上市公司投资行为的重要因素之一,所以关于高管性别差异对上市公司投资行为的影响分析是必不可少的。本文从固定资产投资、无形资产投资、长期股权投资这三个方面进行考察,计算、分析由于高管性别差异对这三个方面投资比率的影响。从而得出优秀的女性高管和男性高管一样,可以为上市公司做出正确的、适当的投资决策。所以在任用高管时不应有性别歧视,应提高女性在上市公司高管中的比例,从而有利于高管做出对上市公司有利的投资决策、投资行为。     

国内外性别差异对就业率的影响——以中日两国研究为中心

中日两国女性同属东方文化圈,但是在就业情况方面却各有各的苦衷。文章分析了中日两国两种就业情况的原因,探析了两国的文化异同。     

剖析技能竞赛中影视后期项目与技能教学的发展

本文以计算机专业影视后期项目的研究为例,对原有技能教学项目进行改造、提炼,转化为教学项目,不断补充和完善项目课程教学,推进竞赛内容的普及化教育。     

高校思想政治教育资源建设中的性别问题及其哲学阐释

目前高校思想政治教育资源建设存在一些突出的性别问题,如对女大学生的主体特征和性别教育诉求重视不够等。高校思想政治教育和社会性别教育的融合创新,能为提升高校思想政治教育的人本性、社会性、历史性提供有效方法路径。