Defining key inventors: A comparison of fuel cell and nanotechnology industries

This paper defines the notion of key inventors — those whose patenting is simultaneously highly productive and also widely cited. By implication, key inventors should be the leaders in any developing new field and we investigate the validity of the notion through an exploration of two emerging technological fields: fuel cell and nanotechnology. The nature of the two groups is compared to discuss the differences between the technological groups.     

Integrating nanotechnology into agri-food systems research in India: A conceptual framework

The implications of current trends in nanotechnology for the agri-food sector in India are assessed. Using published literature and patents data, a model to organize the information is developed through a specially designed database. The database allows mapping research themes in nanotechnology to specific sectors in the agricultural value chain to enable a rational assessment of the potential applications of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, identifying and prioritizing research needs across the agricultural value chain, and assessing the environmental and societal implications of this emerging technology.     

A theory of innovation for process-based innovations such as nanotechnology

Many see Nanotechnology as the technology that will underlie the next Schumpeterian wave creating new opportunities for wealth and job creation. Further it is a process based or materials technology. Yet all currently used models of innovation are based on assembled products or service products and these simply do not recognize the differences in materials products nor the “enabling” nature of Nanotechnologies. If nanotechnology is poised to become the economic engine of this millennium and if current models of innovation, which are utilized, by policy makers and firm based strategist alike are based on technology product paradigms that are dissimilar to the realities of nanotechnology and other process-based technologies then there is cause for concern.Here the authors provide a model and supporting cases demonstrating a new process or materials based innovation model that is based on the tight coupling between product and process innovation of not only Nanotechnology-based products but other process-based products. This is an important finding, because it identifies and remedies a gap in the literature associated with earlier process and product innovation models. For process-based products like materials, food, chemicals and nanotechnologies any change to the manufacturing processes results in significant changes in end product features. The implications of this model to practice are considered.     

A new definition and framework for the development of a national technology strategy: The case of nanotechnology for Iran

In this research, we use the concepts of “national technology policy” as well as the “firm technology strategy” in defining a new definition for “national technology strategy”. Then, by examining several national technology strategies in a variety of fields in different countries the national nanotechnology strategy for Iran is developed. Furthermore, using capability-effectiveness matrix and SWOT analysis we identify strategies of nanotechnology development in Iran. Finally, considering other countries' strategies and the results of PROMETHEE Method, we prioritize different areas of nanotechnology for Iranian economy, and test for the validity of the extracted strategies.     

Text mining as a valuable tool in foresight exercises: A study on nanotechnology

Since its inception in 2001, the Center for Management and Strategic Studies (CGEE) has as its main activity the conduct of foresight studies in support of the decision making process related to the establishment of ST&I policies and activities in Brazil. The methodology used by the center combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Explicit and tacit knowledge is mobilized in the process of developing complementary or differentiated visions of the future.Most of the studies conducted by CGEE begin with data monitoring activities, making use of text mining techniques. One case study carried out by CGEE on the field of nanotechnology is presented. In this case, text mining was used at the first stage followed by qualitative techniques. Results were used to guide government agencies to fund nanotechnology R&D to help raise the competitiveness of several sectors of the Brazilian economy.     

Bridging the gap between foresight and market research: Integrating methods to assess the economic potential of nanotechnology

This paper discusses how to bridge the gap between foresight research oriented to the long-term, and traditional market research oriented to the medium to short term, when applied to an early stage of a technology's life cycle. It proposes using an integrating approach, i.e. a combination of methods and both foresight and traditional market research. A mix of complementary methods for the acquisition and analysis of data is presented in a case study. This helps to overcome the deficits of some qualitative foresight methods and quantitative methods often used in traditional market research and allows us to examine research results from the different methods applied both on their own and as a group. In the absence of a single fully-fledged and accepted economic approach, this paper argues that combined market research and foresight modules are the best possible approach for analyzing the economic potential of emerging technologies like nanotechnology. In the future, similar applications of such market foresight modules may be useful, for example, as elements of foresight. They will also be useful in studies of emerging technologies (e.g. converging technologies, cognitive science and Web 2.0) where traditional market research does not produce a realistic market assessment.     

Chinese science and technology — Structure and infrastructure

This paper identifies and analyzes the science and technology core competencies of China, based on a sampling of approximately half of the total Chinese publication output in the Science Citation Index/ Social Science Citation Index (SCI/SSCI) [SCI. Certain data included herein are derived from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index prepared by the Thomson Scientific®, Inc. (Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright Thomson Scientific® 2006. All rights reserved. [1]] for 2005. Aggregate China publication and citation bibliometrics were obtained and a hierarchical research taxonomy, based on document clustering, was generated. Additionally, bibliometrics and thematic trends were tracked over the past two decades.The key findings were that China's output of research articles has significantly expanded in the last decade. In terms of sheer numbers of research articles, especially in cuting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology and energetic materials, it is among the leaders. Compared to the USA, the bulk of China's articles focus on the physical and engineering sciences, while the USA articles (compared to China) focus on medical, social, and psychological sciences.     

The ADVIAN classification — A new classification approach for the rating of impact factors

A new classification scheme for the impact analysis based on an impact matrix is presented. In contrast to the state-of-the-art methods the impact factors of a social system are not grouped into 4 or 5 groups but ranked according to different criteria. The criteria include for instance the driving impact factors as keys for improvements to the system and the driven impact factors that may be indicators for the improvement success. The ranking for each criterion is on a scale from 0 to 100, independent of the number of impact factors.     

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China： 1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just Studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China＇s economic： growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China＇s relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy, efficiency. After that, a regression model of China＇s real output to capital, labor and energy e lficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy efficiency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency; of China.     

Structure of research on biomass and bio-fuels: A citation-based approach

Biomass and bio-fuels have gained a growing interest as sustainable and renewable energy. In this paper, we perform a citation network analysis of scientific publications to know the current structure of biomass and bio-fuel research. By clustering and visualizing the network, we revealed their taxonomic structure. Emerging technologies are detected by analyzing the average publication year of clusters. According to the results, bio-diesel and hydrogen production are the most rapidly developing domains among biomass bio-fuel researches. We also analyzed the position of each cluster in the global structure of research. By using citation counts within and out of the cluster, we categorized each cluster into the following four categories: (I) topic specific; (II) domain specific; (III) global link; and (IV) specific & global. For research domains of category (III) or (IV), it is difficult that single technology overcomes the current limitation of bio-energy productions. Research on lignocellulose feedstock is a typical case where knowledge from other scientific disciplines is necessary.     

Leapfrogging in mobile telephony: A measure for comparing country performance

There is widespread agreement as to what constitutes leapfrogging in technology and also that mobile phones are a good example of this phenomenon. What is lacking in the literature, however, is any attempt to operationalize the notion of leapfrogging in a way that allows us to rank different countries. The purpose of this paper accordingly is to provide such a measure using both the ratio of mobile to fixed telephones and a weighting of this ratio for a particular country by its share in the total number of mobile phones in the sample. The proposed measure yields a number of insights that cannot be gained by using only the ratio of mobile to fixed telephones. Yet, for a number of the best performing countries this ratio is very much in evidence.     

财政支出结构与经济增长关系研究——基于发达国家的经验研究

笔者对13个发达国家1972年～2006年的面板数据进行了实证研究,结果显示:资本性(经常性)支出对经济增长率有负(正)效应,这与以往许多学者所认为的财政的资本性支出较之经常性支出对经济增长更有贡献的观点是相左的。其次,财政支出规模、私人固定投资以及外汇黑市溢价对经济增长也有着显著的影响。本研究对于在平衡预算下的财政支出结构决策有现实指导意义。     

Roadmapping 3G mobile TV: Strategic thinking and scenario planning through repeated cross-impact handling

In order to deal with growing uncertainties emerging in the 3G wireless industry and to preserve their competitiveness, managers involved in the wireless value network should identify future success very early and develop their strategic planning on time. This study, based on a Scenario Evaluation and Analysis through Repeated Cross impact Handling, allows the generation of both qualitative and quantitative scenarios and can be used as an operative planning tool. The dynamic forces driving the scenario are based on the main principles of system thinking and multiple features. The probabilistic data have been elicited with the help of 40 executives in USA and Europe working for companies in the different phases of the wireless value chain. Findings allow to identify basic trends and uncertainties useful to develop corporate or business strategies.     

品牌并购绩效及其影响因素研究

产品、服务的同质化趋势导致品牌成为企业战略财富和竞争优势的主要源泉,通过并购方式取得品牌或品牌相关资源有助于企业快速进入新市场、拓展销售渠道、提升品牌内涵,导致品牌并购呈上升趋势。品牌并购可被视为一种支付较高品牌溢价从外部获取品牌资产并进行品牌整合的资本运营方式。品牌并购绩效中长期呈下降趋势;每股未分配利润与品牌并购绩效显著正相关,并购公司内部充足的留存积累有利于后期整合工作的开展,同属管辖与品牌并购绩效显著正相关。     

大国经济研究的回顾与展望——1990-2010年国内文献述评

中国是典型的发展中大国,自20世纪90年代以来,我国学者对大国经济的研究经历了提出问题、初步探索、形成热点三个阶段,主要从大国经济崛起的典型化事实出发,研究了大国特征和大国优势、大国模式和大国战略、大国治理和大国体制等问题,提出了一些有价值的思想观点。但是,现有研究存在对象不够明晰、内容比较分散和理论深度有待拓展等问题,基于这种状况,未来的研究将在广度和深度上拓展,并形成科学的理论体系。应该积极寻求大国经济研究的微观基础和理论范式,揭示超大规模国家经济的特征和特殊规律,并通过在系统化研究、核心原理研究和学科体系研究等方面取得突破,为大国经济学的创立奠定基础。     

对外直接投资与母国经济增长:以中国为例

借鉴国内外已有的相关研究,本文在协整分析的基础上对中国对外直接投资与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证检验.结果发现,对外直接投资在总体上促进了中国经济的长期稳定增长,但由于某些方面的原因,目前这一结果还不是很明显.因此,就政府的对外投资管理而言,应该以促进对外投资作为其未来政策制定的着力点.     

关于我国绩效预算管理改革的研究：比较与启示

目前我国绩效预算管理改革实践和新公共管理运动下的国际潮流体现出强烈的呼应性和清晰的耦合轨迹。为积极稳妥地推进我国绩效预算管理改革,需要进一步从改革动因、控制模式、实现路径、制度框架等多个方面入手,比较和解析国内外改革实务的差异,同时吸取借鉴一些成熟有效的管理思路和办法。     

Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu

In this paper, we demonstrate that there is a robust negative relationship between the size of country territory and a measure of the rule of law for a large cross-section of countries. We outline a framework featuring two main reasons for this regularity; firstly that institutional quality often has the character of a local public good that is imperfectly spread across space from the core of the country to the hinterland, and secondly that a large territory usually is accompanied by valuable rents and a lack of openness that both tend to distort property rights institutions. Our empirical analysis further shows some evidence that whether the capital is centrally or peripherally located within the country matters for the average level of rule of law.     

风险补偿视角下的汇率传递及其国别差异——基于深圳和黄埔港出口数据的实证

本文基于2000年1月至2008年12月深圳和黄埔港口大类8位数HS编码出口商品月度单价,构建面板模型,研究经两港出口至美、德、英和日本商品的汇率传递效应及汇率预期对厂商定价的影响。实证显示,即期汇率传递率较高,厂商定价对人民币即期升（贬）值较敏感,且国别差异显著;出口商根据本币预期升（贬）值幅度相应调高（低）报价,以规避汇率风险。因此,汇率波动向出口商品本币价格的传导实际上存在两个渠道,当市场普遍预期未来汇率会发生较大的变化,即使即期名义汇率保持稳定,预期的改变可能已经悄然传导到价格上,并实际地影响到贸易量。     

中印出口增长方式比较——基于广度、价格与数量的分解

基于新新贸易理论的最新进展,利用出口增长三元分解框架和2001-2007年HS92版本六分位出口数据,研究中印出口增长的三元边际及比较,探讨中印两国出口增长方式的差异性。结论如下:中国出口产品的总量和数量高于印度,价格低于印度;中国出口产品价格和总量增长速度快于印度,数量增长速度慢于印度;中国出口产品价格随距离增加而减小,是典型的"以量取胜"模式;印度出口产品价格随距离增加而增加,是典型的"以质取胜"模式。总体来看,现阶段中印增长方式存在较大差异性,从趋势看,呈现趋同特点。