海滨城市旅游目的地非功用性定位研究——以大连为例

全球化背景下旅游产品的同质化增强,传统依靠功用属性定位的方法日渐乏力。纳入"情感选择"和"自我一致"机制,研究开发并实际阐释了一个目的地非功用性定位的概念模型。以海滨城市目的地大连相对于其北方4个竞争对手的重定位分析为案例,借助实证研究,识别出最佳情感形象和品牌个性定位因子。最终,提出了对大连非功用性定位的建议性战略,并对研究的理论和实践启示进行了总结。     

旅游目的地品牌差异化定位研究——基于品牌个性视角

品牌个性是旅游目的地品牌定位的重要视角。文章以西湖、西溪湿地、大运河·杭州3个地理区位相近、旅游吸引物相似的旅游目的地为样本,从品牌个性视角对旅游目的地品牌的差异化定位进行了探讨。研究结果发现,尽管3个旅游目的地的投射品牌个性在一定程度上具有相似性,但它们之间的感知品牌个性则显现出显著的差异性。自身投射与感知品牌个性的一致性在3个旅游目的地之间存在显著差别:西湖景区一致性最高,西溪湿地景区次之,大运河·杭州景区最低。在此基础上,文章就3个旅游目的地品牌定位给出了方向性建议,并从品牌个性视角对旅游目的地品牌差异化定位模式进行了探究。     

生活方式型旅游目的地品牌个性建构——基于苏州古城案例的混合方法研究

近年来,苏州古城围绕本土生活方式打造目的地品牌,为苏州传统的“天堂苏州,东方水城”旅游目的地品牌赋予了新内涵,一种围绕“苏式生活”的旅游目的地品牌个性被逐步建构起来.在致力打造生活方式型旅游目的地品牌的过程中,目的地形象对其品牌个性究竟有何影响？如何依托目的地形象发展目的地品牌个性？针对这两个问题,论文简要回顾旅游目的地形象及品牌个性研究进展,在此基础上采用深度访谈、扎根理论、问卷调查、统计分析相结合的“混合方法”,一方面,依托质性材料,采用扎根理论分析生活方式型旅游目的地形象及其品牌个性的基本结构,另一方面,根据问卷调查数据,采用结构方程模型验证生活方式型旅游目的地形象对其品牌个性的建构效应.研究表明:游客对苏州古城旅游目的地形象认知主要包含游憩功能、空间格局、文化氛围、文化创意、文化功能5个方面,而游客对其生活方式型旅游目的地品牌个性认知则主要体现在生活氛围、生活状态、生活品质3个维度.在依托“苏式生活”推动旅游目的地品牌化进程中,苏州古城旅游目的地形象5大因素对其目的地品牌个性均有显著影响.在此基础上,研究提出依托苏州古城旅游目的地品牌形象建设,培育和发展生活方式型目的地品牌个性的导向和对策,为同类型旅游目的地品牌个性培育提供理论和实践支持.     

国外旅游目的地营销研究综述

本文对国外旅游目的地营销研究进行综述.近10年来国外研究主要涉及旅游目的地形象、旅游目的地营销组织、旅游目的地促销、信息技术与目的地营销4大方面.文章在简要评述我国旅游目的地营销研究现状的基础上,结合国外研究情况,认为强化实证研究及定量分析、旅游目的地品牌及定位研究、旅游目的地营销组织、信息技术的促进作用和旅游目的地营销绩效评价应是我国近期旅游目的地营销研究的主要方向.     

旅游目的地品牌个性:理论来源与关系辨识

在回顾国外相关研究文献的基础上,文章从理论来源与关系辨识两方面对国外目的地品牌个性研究进行了归纳,清晰了目的地品牌个性研究与品牌个性理论、个性心理学之间存在着明确的层级递进关系,个性心理学中的特质与大五(Big Five)研究成果是品牌个性与目的地品牌个性研究的核心理论来源。同时也说明了,目的地品牌个性是目的地品牌资产研究中极富生命力的研究分支方向。学者们对目的地品牌个性的研究既有效继承了目的地形象的前期丰硕成果,同时也通过自我一致性理论,构建了目的地品牌个性、形象、目的地品牌化与游客自我形象之间的相互关系。这不仅在一定程度上丰富了品牌个性理论乃至个性理论的丰度与广度,同时,也为目的地品牌化研究指明了发展方向。     

旅游目的地品牌象征性意义对到访意向的影响研究

象征性消费是营销领域一个备受关注的话题,品牌的象征性意义对消费者的购买行为有着重要的影响已得到了很多研究的证实.在旅游目的地逐步走上品牌化发展道路的趋势下,探讨目的地品牌的象征性意义及其营销价值无疑有着重要的理论和实践意义.文章以城市(天津市)和自然景区(九寨沟)两类目的地为例,实证分析了目的地品牌象征性意义对旅游者到访意向的影响作用.首先,借鉴心理学和以往有关品牌象征性意义的测量研究选取了测量问项,验证了目的地品牌象征性意义的个体自我表达、关系自我巩固、群体归属以及社会声望和地位彰显4个维度结构.其次,采用结构方程模型对数据进行分析,结果显示被调查者对个体自我表达、关系自我巩固和群体归属三项目的地品牌象征性意义的感知正向显著影响到访意向;社会声望和地位彰显这一维度对到访意向的正向影响不显著.最后,多群组结构方程模型分析说明目的地品牌象征性意义与到访意向间的路径关系在两类目的地之间无显著差异,这也反映出目的地品牌象征性意义对城市和自然景观类目的地都具有一定的营销意义.     

旅游目的地形象、定位及品牌化:概念辨析与关系模型

目的地形象、目的地定位和目的地品牌化是目的地营销研究领域3个非常重要的概念,它们既相互区别又相互联系,通过一定的逻辑链条在目的地营销实践中发挥各自的作用.从理论上探讨三者之间的关系对于目的地营销实践的顺利开展意义重大.本文对这3个概念及其相互联系进行了详细分析,认为3者作用的发挥应遵循"目的地定位一目的地品牌化一目的地形象"这样一种逻辑链条,并构建了3者之间的关系模型.     

旅游目的地品牌标识评价研究——以中国优秀旅游城市为例

品牌标识是旅游目的地的核心品牌要素,也是其竞争优势的重要来源.但是,目前国内外对旅游目的地品牌标识及其评价的研究很少.文章在分析旅游目的地品牌标识内涵和类型基础上,提出旅游目的地品牌标识评价应遵循市场营销之功能性原则.基于此,文章构建了旅游目的地品牌标识评价的IDCAM模型,提出一个好的品牌标识应该具备识别性、区分性、一致性、易于被注意和易于被记忆之特征.以该模型为基础,文章从信号传递、符号意义、要素组合、视觉要素四个视角对旅游目的地品牌标识评价的具体标准进行了研究,并构建了基于IDCAM模型的旅游目的地品牌标识评价标准模型.依据IDCAM模型,我国优秀旅游城市正在独立使用的149个品牌标识大部分具有识别性,但是区分性明显不够,而且符合理想层次评价标准者仅有31个.     

基于忠诚度模型的锦州旅游目的地品牌价值提升研究

目前,许多地方政府都在积极推进目的地品牌化战略。通过实施品牌化战略,可以实现地区资源的有效整合,提高旅游产业整体发展水平。但是,在品牌化的过程中,许多地区仍然存在盲目照搬其他成功旅游目的地品牌、忽视地域人文特色、盲目迎合市场等问题。因此,如何在同质化的旅游景区中脱颖而出,打造属于自己的差异化旅游品牌,成为各地区旅游品牌建设与发展需要重点思考的问题。文章以辽宁省锦州市为例,探究旅游品牌建设的有效方法,并为锦州旅游管理者和经营者提供一系列建议,以促进锦州旅游业更好更快发展。     

国外旅游目的地定位研究文献综述

定位是当前旅游市场竞争日趋激烈形势下目的地至关重要的营销工作。文章在综合检索国外目的地定位相关研究文献的基础上,对其8个方面的研究关注点的内容进行了较为详细的回顾和评析。最后,对国外目的地定位研究所呈现出的特点和走向作了总结,并简要探讨了其对国内相关研究的启示。     

Destination Development

Abstract

This paper discusses tourism in Singapore, and Dubai, both relatively small and wealthy territories which have achieved considerable success in attracting international visitors. Tourism resources and policies are compared to reveal similarities and differences in their attractions bases and infrastructures. There is also evidence of a common commitment to growth and a willingness to intervene and invest on the part of governments. Application of the life cycle model, however, suggests that they are at contrasting stages in the development process. Singapore is attempting to avert stagnation while Dubai is growing at a fairly rapid pace. These positions pose particular challenges and the future evolution of the states as tourist destinations is uncertain, despite official efforts to shape it.     

International Business Tourism: Destination Dublin or Destination Ireland?

Abstract

The Republic of Ireland has been running the same basic brand proposition in its various marketing campaigns for some decades (Morgan, Pritchard and Pride, 2002). However, it is unclear whether the destination brand construct that has served Ireland's general tourism market so well can apply equally when attracting business tourism to Dublin, the nation's capital city. This research primarily applies repertory grid analysis and on-line focus groups to understand the brand of Dublin, the capital of Ireland, and explores the way the marketing of a national capital city for business tourism both influences, and is influenced by, the marketing of the nation itself.     

旅游地社会责任、声誉、认同与旅游者忠诚关系

文章构建了旅游地社会责任、旅游地声誉、旅游地认同与旅游者忠诚关系的整合模型,以厦门市旅游者为研究对象,采用结构方程模型( SEM)方法,对整合模型进行实证检验,发现:(1)旅游者社会责任直接正向影响旅游地声誉和旅游地认同,并通过旅游地声誉对旅游地认同产生间接影响,通过旅游地声誉和旅游地认同对重游倾向和口碑宣传产生间接影响;(2)旅游地声誉正向影响旅游地认同、重游倾向和口碑宣传,并通过旅游地认同对口碑宣传产生间接影响;(3)旅游地认同直接影响口碑宣传;(4)重游倾向和口碑宣传之间存在递进关系.最后,文章对研究结论进行了讨论,并指出了研究局限和未来研究方向.     

Destination Image Saturation

Offering travel information sources to potential tourists can be expensive, although the importance of the amount and variety of travel information sources has been stressed in many studies. Therefore, it would be useful to examine how much exposure to travel information would lead to optimal results. Effects of exposure time to travel information on destination image were examined in this study. Two hypotheses were suggested to account for the relationships between exposure time to travel information and destination image. Specifically, the first hypothesis was related to a linear trend, while the second one was related to a quadratic trend in the conceptual relationships. A posttest-only control group design was used, and 312 undergraduate students were recruited at six colleges. Multivariate analysis of variance and a series of quadratic regression analyses were used to test the two hypotheses. Results demonstrated that there were both linear and quadratic trends in the relationships between exposure time to travel information and destination image. Findings also provided empirical evidence for a saturation effect on perceived destination image formation. Therefore, an optimum level between information exposure and perceptions was suggested.     

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness

Empirical research focusing on the relationship between destination branding and destination competitiveness has so far been lacking. Even though destination brand is partially incorporated into the two most prominent theoretical models of destination competitiveness, there is still a need for understanding the role that destination branding plays in achieving destination competitiveness. For this reason, this study proposes a theory-based research instrument that joins the branding process implementation index and competitiveness measured by customer satisfaction. The proposed instrument is tested in the context of Croatian coastal destinations. The results confirm that a well-implemented destination branding process increases destination competitiveness.     

Assessing Destination Image Through Combining Tourist Cognitive Perceptions with Destination Resources

The primary objective of the study is to assess tourist destination image through (1) measuring Xiamen tourists' cognitive image of Kinmen Island, and (2) analyzing main and subordinate resources of Kinmen. The major findings show that Kinmen Island is “a pleasant place for tour” and “a mystic place” for the mainland Chinese tourists. It also implies that tourists' curiosity, not the substantial resources about the destination, could be one of the reasons for their choices. The results of this study suggest tourism industry on the Island cannot merely depend on tourists' curiosity or the mysteriousness of the destination. It is essential to provide a product with integrity for the planning of the tourism industry of Kinmen.     

Tourist Co-Created Destination Image

This paper investigates the impact of tourist-to-tourist (T2T) interactions on destination image and the moderating effect of interaction intensity. The results indicate that benevolent sociable incidents play a major role in determining the quality of T2T interaction, which shapes tourists’ perceived cognitive image, and in turn influences the affective image of a destination. Furthermore, high interaction intensity aggravates the negatively connoted aspect of T2T interactions such that the influence of tourist misbehaviors is stronger, the impact of interaction quality on the natural facet of cognitive image becomes more salient, and the nurture of affection for the destination is impeded.     

Advancing Destination Competitiveness Research

Abstract

This paper presents findings of a completed research project on the competitive position of Turkey vis-à-vis five countries in the Mediterranean basin: Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Cyprus. These partner countries are self-selected by foreign tourists and service providers (hoteliers, travel agents or tour guides) as the direct competitor to Turkey. The discussion of findings is based upon the analysis of data gathered from 1,086 respondents through a six-week period in the summer of 2004. Findings obtained from the two groups were then compared to each other using t-test. Results suggest that both foreign tourists and service providers are homogeneous to suggest that Turkey is stronger on the friendliness of local people, but is weaker on the physical distance to the target markets and the effective using of methods for promotion and advertising. The detailed assessment of findings and implications is also discussed.     

Repositioning a Tourism Destination

SUMMARY

This paper is a case study of the repositioning of New Orleans as a tourism destination after the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. It examines the event from a post-disaster marketing viewpoint and first outlines the tourism industry in New Orleans before Hurricane Katrina, including visitor profile, destination image, and positioning statements. The article then recounts the effects of the hurricane on the tourism infrastructure. The effectiveness of recovery marketing strategies, including the repositioning strategies undertaken by the city's tourism marketing organizations, is examined. The disaster management frameworks as discussed in the literature are revisited and extended to include the lessons learned for post disaster market repositioning.     

Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty

ABSTRACT

First-time and repeat tourists engage in different tourism experience with a destination. Based on previous studies, the main purpose of this research is to investigate how tourists' previous experience with a tourist destination influences on the satisfaction evaluation, destination loyalty and destination attractiveness. An empirical study is carried out among 806 tourists visiting Calpe, a Spanish tourist destination, in the summer of 2000. Research findings evidence that the level of satisfaction and the number of past visits considerably influence tourists' intentions to make repeat visits.