Sales by multi‐product retailers

This paper examines the rationale underlying periodic price promotions, or sales, for perishable food products by supermarket retailers. Whereas previous studies explain sales in a single‐product context as arising from informational, storage cost, or demand heterogeneity, this study focuses on the central role of retailers as multi‐product sellers of complementary goods. By offering a larger number of discounted products within a particular category, retailers are able to attract a sufficient number of customers to offset the effect of lower margins on sale items by selling more high‐margin items. The implications that emerge from the resulting mixed‐strategy equilibrium are tested in a product‐level, retail‐scanner data set of fresh fruit sales. Hypotheses regarding the rationale and effectiveness of sales are tested by estimating econometric models that describe (1) the number of sales items per store, (2) the depth of a given sale, and (3) promotion effectiveness on store‐level demand. The results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that the breadth and depth of price promotions are complementary marketing tools, thus explaining how EDLP and HI‐LO store formats can exist in the same monopolistically competitive market equilibrium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Critical social marketing – The impact of alcohol marketing on youth drinking: Qualitative findings

• This paper presents findings from exploratory qualitative research as part of a critical social marketing study examining the impact of alcohol marketing communications on youth drinking. The findings from stakeholder interviews (regulators and marketers) suggest that some alcohol marketing might target young people, and that marketers are cognisant of growing concern at alcohol issues, including control of alcohol marketing. Focus groups with young people (aged 13–15 years) revealed a sophisticated level of awareness of, and involvement in, alcohol marketing across several channels. It was found that some marketing activities featured content that could appeal to young people and appeared to influence their, well‐developed, brand attitudes. The research demonstrates the utility of taking a critical social marketing approach when examining the impact of alcohol marketing. The implications of these findings for research, regulation and policy around alcohol marketing are also examined. The contribution that studies such as this make to the debate around marketing principles and practice, and to social marketing, is also discussed.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use and misuse of information in supply chain forecasting of promotion effects

Demand forecasting is critical to sales and operations planning (S&OP), but the effects of sales promotions can be difficult to forecast. Typically, a baseline statistical forecast is judgmentally adjusted on receipt of information from different departments. However, much of this information either has no predictive value or its value is unknown. Research into base rate discounting has suggested that such information may distract forecasters from the average uplift and reduce accuracy. This has been investigated in situations in which forecasters were able to adjust the statistical forecasts for promotions via a forecasting support system (FSS). In two ecologically valid experiments, forecasters were provided with the mean level of promotion uplift, a baseline statistical forecast, and quantitative and qualitative information. However, the forecasters were distracted from the base rate and misinterpreted the information available to them. These findings have important implications for the design of organizational S&OP processes, and for the implementation of FSSs.     

Promotion Signals,Experience, and Education

This paper uses a nation‐wide representative survey of employees to examine whether more informative job promotions carry larger wage increases. In job assignment models with asymmetric information, unexpected promotions send a signal to the external labor market to revise upward their assessment of a worker's ability. The employing firm must then increase wages to prevent the worker from being bid away. Less educated workers are assumed to come from a group with lower average ability. Their promotion is hypothesized to induce a larger positive update of the assessment of their ability than the promotion of more educated workers. Promotions of less experienced workers, with less known about their abilities, should also result in strong signaling effects. We obtain regression results consistent with our hypotheses, although the size and significance of the estimates hinge on the promotion definition. Inexperienced workers gain more from promotions that entail new managerial responsibilities, whereas less educated workers gain more from nonmanagerial promotions. This sensitivity to the definition of promotion suggests that promotions reveal information on different dimensions of ability for different types of workers.     

节日移动营销策略探析

在3G时代,移动营销日趋成为节日营销的首选模式。商家通过手机等移动设备或网络与消费者进行互动沟通,为消费者提供个性化的产品或服务,并最终促成消费达成。节日移动营销很容易陷入垃圾广告、价格竞争和促销雷同三大误区,因此商家应积极探索节日移动营销策略,从发挥手机搜索功能、利用移动商务平台、开展参与性互动活动和合理运用营销触发因素等方面提高销售业绩以及消费者满意度。     

石油企业服务营销策略研究

随着石油销售市场竞争日趋激烈,服务营销逐步成为石油销售企业的竞争利器。本文对石油销售企业服务营销现状进行了分析,指出了目前石油销售企业实施服务营销过程中存在的诸多问题。结合石油销售企业特色,提出相应策略,以期望通过对石油销售企业服务营销策略的提升,提高企业的核心竞争力,使企业在未来的竞争中处于优势地位。     

以培训营销为基点撬动市场——软件开发企业的营销利器

软件销售购买决策复杂,参与决策的人员众多,适合通过培训营销来提高潜在消费者某些知识技能,锁定市场。培训营销分为赞助式、收费认证式、会议培训和网络社区培训。有效开展培训营销必须选择合适的战略,如整合培训知识,隐形促销产品,或通过用户经验交流,进行口碑营销。此外,还需明确培训营销步骤,控制培训营销成本。     

Sales contests,promotion decisions and heterogeneous risk

This paper examines a general model of sales contests in which agents have heterogeneous attitudes toward risk. It shows that agents that are less risk averse have a higher probability of success. A corollary to this result shows that when absolute risk aversion is decreasing in wealth, wealthier agents have a higher probability of promotion. The same wealth effect makes it possible for more risk averse agents to take greater risks in a multi‐round promotion tournament. Next, a stability analysis shows that these equilibria are attractors under a best response dynamic. While it is well‐known that sales contests can be an effective incentive device for eliciting effort from employees, this research suggests the added benefit that when used as a basis for promotion decisions, sales contests act to filter the hardest working agents to the top of the corporate hierarchy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The growth of the Internet,digital television and mobile telephony and the implications for not‐for‐profit marketing

This paper looks at what is currently known about who uses the new technologies and how they use them. It also sets out the current information available about the use of these technologies by the not‐for‐profit sector as a whole. The final section sets out the implications of these new technologies for not‐for‐profit marketers and the potential benefits for organisations that embrace and develop the new technologies. While the data presented focuses on the UK, the implications for not‐for‐profit marketing are relevant wherever the penetration in these technologies is high. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

The General NFP Hospital Model

Throughout the past 30 years, there has been a lot of controversy surrounding the proliferation of new forms of health care delivery organizations that challenge and compete with general NFP community hospitals. Traditionally, the health care system in the United States has been dominated by general NFP (NFP) voluntary hospitals. With the number of for‐profit general hospitals, physician‐owned specialty hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers increasing, a question arises: “Why is the general NFP community hospital the dominant model?” In order to address this question, this paper reexamines the history of the hospital industry. By understanding how the “general NFP hospital” model emerged and dominated, we attempt to explain the current dominance of general NFP hospitals in the ever changing hospital industry in the United States.     

中小物流企业的网络销售与推广研究

分析了中小物流企业开展网络营销的优势和存在的问题,并探讨了中小物流企业的网络营销推广策略:整合网络营销资源,实现最佳效果;增强网络营销服务意识,提升客户满意度;在网络营销中逐步打造出自有品牌;物流企业协同合作整合营销;整合网络营销与传统营销。     

节事营销对城市长期旅游效应的影响研究

节事和城市旅游的整合,已成为旅游行业中最大和增长最快的领域之一。其中,节事的长期旅游效应与城市品牌形象相连。为了扩展节事举办期间之外的旅游收益,城市营销者需要进行战略规划,找寻提升节事形象的方法,在设立了城市清晰的品牌定位之后,制定节事品牌营销战略,提高节事关注者的满意度,吸引更多的人来关注节事,参与节事,进而吸引更多游客来访。     

Breaking the cycle of marketing disinvestment: using market research to build organisational alliances

Many marketers find their programmes fall victim to disinvestment, both financial and psychological. While most marketers are avid students of consumer psychology, they tend to overlook the dynamics of organisational psychology, just as the literature on market orientation often fails to emphasise the organisational identity politics and power struggles that frustrate marketing. Discussions of market orientation focus on leadership and team‐building issues, favouring highly visible cases of organisational success at the expense of analysing common factors in marketing failure, many of them grounded in organisational psychology. Allied with knowledge of organisational epistemology, market research can be used as a critical resource in marketers' internal marketing programmes to strengthen market orientation. Ongoing collaborative market research can build positive organisational alliances that contribute to the internal support needed to sustain a successful marketing programme. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

浅谈网络广告道德

网络广告作为网络营销的一种促销手段,在飞速发展的同时,又产生了许多影响其健康发展的不道德行为。主要探讨网络广告非道德问题的主要表现,并分析其成因,提出相应的改善措施。     

城市沟通策略的SHARP模型及运用

城市沟通是提高城市知名度和美誉度的一个有效的城市营销策略.城市沟通策略的SHARP模型,即销售促进策略、重大事件策略、广告沟通策略、公关沟通策略与人员沟通策略,应该在城市沟通中得到综合利用.     

Forecasting retail sales using alternative models

This paper explores the issues associated with adapting forecasting techniques used by manufacturers to produce accurate forecasts for retail sales. A case study is presented that is developed using a retail situation because retailers often view their sales forecasting problems as being very different from a manufacturer's problems. Sales volumes are dramatically impacted by competitor promotional actions, discounts, store promotions and weather. Finally, consumption holidays like Christmas, Easter, Mother's day, have a large impact on sales as well as back to school shopping. The findings in this paper indicate that forecasting retail sales can be accomplished with a high degree of accuracy.     

Golden goose or wild goose? The hunt for the green consumer

The green consumer has been the central character in the development of green marketing, as businesses attempt to understand and respond to external pressures to improve their environmental performance. Marketing practitioners and academics are attempting to identify and understand green consumers and their needs, and to develop market offerings that meet these needs. So far there is little consensus about the identity and nature of green consumers, except that they have been something of a disappointment to the marketers who have pursued them. These difficulties perhaps reflect the folly of trying to understand green consumption and green marketing by viewing it as simply a variation on conventional marketing. This article proposes some different ways of looking at green consumption and green marketing, which have the potential to prevent the hunt for the green consumer from deteriorating into a wild goose chase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

ALCOHOL MARKETING,ADOLESCENT DRINKING AND PUBLICATION BIAS IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES: A CRITICAL SURVEY USING META‐ANALYSIS

Abstract This paper presents a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort (longitudinal) studies of alcohol marketing and adolescent drinking, which accounts for publication bias. The paper provides a summary of 12 primary studies of the marketing–drinking relationship. Each primary study surveyed a sample of youth to determine baseline drinking status and marketing exposure, and re‐surveyed the youth to determine subsequent drinking outcomes. Logistic analyses provide estimates of the odds ratio for effects of baseline marketing variables on adolescent drinking at follow‐up. Using meta‐regression analysis, two samples are examined in this paper: 23 effect‐size estimates for drinking onset (initiation); and 40 estimates for other drinking behaviours (frequency, amount, bingeing). Marketing variables include ads in mass media, promotion portrayals, brand recognition and subjective evaluations by survey respondents. Publication bias is assessed using funnel plots that account for ‘missing’ studies, bivariate regressions and multivariate meta‐regressions that account for primary study heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity, data dependencies, publication bias and truncated samples. The empirical results are consistent with publication bias, omitted variable bias in some studies, and lack of a genuine effect, especially for mass media. The paper also discusses ‘dissemination bias’ in the use of research results by primary investigators and health policy interest groups.     

我国智能手机营销策略分析

随着科技进步和消费习惯的变革,智能手机以超乎寻常的速度迅速抢占全球手机市场,而其营销在我国市场范围内具有其特殊性。本文针对我国手机市场和消费者行为、心理的调查,以当下最具代表性的智能手机品牌苹果和小米为例,运用4Ps理论从产品、价格、分销、促销四角度,对我国智能手机营销策略进行了较为全面的分析,旨在为我国智能手机营销提供参考。