New insights on earnings trends across skill groups and industries in West Germany

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the structure of earnings in West Germany across skill groups and industries. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socioeconomic Panel for the period 1984 to 1994. We estimate quantile regressions, both for the entire sample period and for each year separately, in order to obtain a finer picture of the earnings structure compared to conventional least squares methods. For robust standard error estimation, this study uses a block bootstrap procedure taking account of heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation in the error term. We also suggest a simple procedure to obtain a consistent estimate of inter-industry earnings variability. Our main findings are: first, pooled estimation comprising a uniform time trend is not rejected by the data, and second, the effects of human capital variables and industry dummies on earnings differ considerably across quantiles. First version: May 1998/Final version: April 2002 RID="*" ID="*"  We are grateful to an anonymous referee as well as to Thiess Büttner, Christian Dustmann, Wolfgang Franz, John Haisken-DeNew, Costas Meghir, Werner Smolny, Peter Winker, Volker Zimmermann, and seminar participants in Heidelberg, Kassel, Konstanz, and Paris for helpful comments. However, all errors are our sole responsibility. RID="*" ID="*"  We are grateful to an anonymous referee as well as to Thiess Büttner, Christian Dustmann, Wolfgang Franz, John Haisken-DeNew, Costas Meghir, Werner Smolny, Peter Winker, Volker Zimmermann, and seminar participants in Heidelberg, Kassel, Konstanz, and Paris for helpful comments. However, all errors are our sole responsibility.     

中国城乡教育收益率差异与收入差距

本文利用CHNS数据,研究了历次调查年份分城乡和性别的教育收益率的动态变化。研究发现,分城乡和性别的教育收益率都基本呈现逐年递增的趋势,但城镇的教育收益率总是高于农村,而无论是城镇还是农村,女性的教育收益率都高于男性。从动态变化来看,自2000年以来城乡教育收益率的差异逐年加大,其中主要是城乡男性劳动力的教育收益率差距增大。本文的研究表明,除教育水平本身的差异以外,教育收益率差异的扩大也是引起城乡收入差距加剧的重要原因。     

The educational and labor market returns to preschool attendance in Austria

Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success, mothers’ labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce, particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature by studying the effects of having attended preschool for the adult Austrian population. We find strong and positive effects of preschool attendance on later educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom and the top of the distribution benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged groups (second generation migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more in terms of education and work.     

吸收中西方优秀教育生态理念营造良好高等教育生态环境

高等教育的生态化发展是高等教育乃至中国经济社会可持续发展的要求。中国伟大的教育家孔子的教育观中就蕴涵了教育生态学观点,现代西方则促成了教育生态学理论的产生。针对中国目前高等教育存在的教育生态失衡状况,应努力营造良好的高等教育生态环境,以培养和具有国际国内竞争力的创新、实用型高素质人才,并为培养大师级人才创造土壤和条件。     

Economic growth and poverty traps in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of education and TFP shocks

This paper investigates the “education-total factor productivity trade-off” in explaining income per worker differences between sub-Saharan (unlucky) and G7 (lucky) economies. First, we examine the dynamics of average years of schooling (i.e. education), capital per worker, income per worker, and total factor productivity (TFP) across sub-Saharan and G7 countries. We confirm that physical capital and education levels partially explain income per worker differences between lucky and unlucky economies. Second, we undertake a novel examination of the impact of technology shocks on income per worker, with the goal of understanding the role of technology variation in causing cross-country income per worker differences, and as a potential contributor to overall slow growth in the sub-Saharan region. In a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework, we show that the impact of “ad hoc” TFP shocks on income per worker is larger in unlucky economies than in lucky ones. We observe that average TFP volatility in the “unlucky world” is eight times higher than in the “G7 world”. We argue that the order of magnitude of the impact heavily depends on the level of the TFP volatility. Last, we suggest that the documented differences in the amount of physical capital and in the productivity of human capital between these two regions add conceptual support for the existence of poverty traps for sub-Saharan Africa.     

Endogenous schooling and the distribution of the gender wage gap

Previous studies on the gender wage gap have relied on OLS when estimating the wage equations. However, a number of recent studies, devoted to estimating the return to education, have shown that OLS may produce biased estimates for a number of reasons. As a consequence, previous results regarding the gender wage gap may also be biased. In this paper, we first estimate wage equations using a GMM procedure applied to panel data and then investigate the distribution of the gender wage gap. The results indicate that OLS may seriously overestimate the unexplained gender wage gap.First version received: October 2001/Final version accepted: July 2003     

规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营——基于我国粮食生产的实证研究

有关规模经营的问题一直是学术界和政府部门关注的热点问题之一。本文基于一个随机抽样的来自我国粮食主产区5省100个村庄1049个农户的实地调查数据,分别从投入产出和生产成本两个不同的角度全面考察了我国主要粮食作物品种生产规模经济的存在性。实证研究表明,在考虑土地细碎化的影响后,我国粮食生产总体上而言规模报酬不变。由此可见,如果政府单纯出于提高粮食产量的目的而大规模推行规模经营的政策显然是不可取的。同时发现,除粳稻外,扩大土地经营规模对单位产量生产总成本均有显著的负面影响。而在其他条件不变的情况下,成本降低与经济效益提高实质上是一致的。因此,农业经营规模的扩大有利于促进农民增收。     

The return to education and its distribution in urban China: evidence from quantile regression analysis

Based on Chinese Households Income Projects in 2002, this paper discusses the relationship between the return to education and the quantiles of income distribution. The findings in this paper show that the return to education is lower for the higher quantiles, while the estimators also depend on the choice of control variables. The methodology of the quantile regression might be helpful in adjusting the ability bias in the estimation on return to education. The policy implications of the paper highlight the impact of the education expansion in boosting the income growth for those in lower quantiles.     

Human security and sexuality in the IPPF Africa Region

The influence of human security components on Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights （SRHR） of individuals was explored in four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Uganda from November 2008 to April 2009. The present results suggest that the major threat to human security is the competing economic demands that make it difficult for the population to prioritize reproductive health services in their household budgets. This study concludes that there are potential benefits of human security approaches for furthering the goals of SRHR initiatives, in line with the principles and guidelines expressed in the Maputo Plan of Action and the Millennium Development Goals （MDGs）. The results of this study suggest that IPPF Africa Region can start to prioritize economic security, community security and health security which have greatest impact on the reproductive health of the sub-Saharan African population. The key lesson learnt is that the effective use of family planning services mitigates the effects of other human insecurities, including economic, food, and health insecurities as its application in the families will reduce family size and demand on available resources.     

我国海峡西岸经济区市域农业综合生产能力评价分析

构建了市域农业综合生产能力评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重。在此基础上,对我国海峡西岸经济区20个地市的农业综合生产能力进行了评价,得出各市农业综合生产能力的评价结果及二级指标评价结果的排名,进一步指出各市所处的梯队,各市农业综合生产能力二级指标的长、短板属性,并分析了评价结果。最后,提出提高市域农业综合生产能力的建议。     

中国MBA教育国际化的症结及其改进对策

随着经济全球化程度的不断加深,MBA教育朝国际化方向发展已经成为必然的趋势。然而,国内MBA教育由于体制问题在国际化方面还面临许多挑战。本文总结了国外著名商学院MBA教育国际化的经验;剖析了国内高校在MBA教育国际化方面存在的症结;立足于MBA的课程设置、教学方式、生源、师资队伍及管理体制创新等方面,提出了促进国内MBA教育国际化的举措。     

The gender difference in wages and the returns to schooling over the great recession in the U.S.

This paper examines the effects of the Great Recession on the gender difference in hourly wage and the rate of return to schooling in the United States. Using data from American Community Survey 2000–2015, we find that the male-female difference in hourly wage declined during and after the recession. The Great Recession decreased earnings for both men and women, especially for those with more education. We also find there is a significant gender difference in the effects of the Great Recession on the returns to schooling. The Great Recession increased the rate of return to schooling for both men and women, and the female-male difference in the returns to schooling decreased by 0.4 percentage points in the post-recession period. The change of the gender difference in the returns to schooling can be explained by the wage structure change for men and women over the recession.     

科学发展观视野下高校思想政治教育长效机制研究

高校思想政治教育要以科学发展观为指导,坚持以学生为本,协调各种教育资源,统筹兼顾各种教育方法,用可持续发展的思想政治教育理念,培养全面发展的创新型人才和合格的社会主义事业接班人。     

黑龙江省高校体育院系教师计算机使用现状调查与分析

本项研究以黑龙江省高校体育院（系）教师使用计算机的现状为研究对象,以问卷的形式调查了11所高校体育院系中的198名教师,获得了一系列数据。并从日常使用频率、操作水平、使用范围、应用能力和应用意识等方面进行了分析。     

"城中村"农民分化及职业技术教育研究

“城中村”的农民分化是以职业分化为基础的。丧失土地将对农民产生一个推力,即使其职业类型由传统的农业推向非农产业;而城镇的“华灯效应”又将对失地农民产生一个拉力,将其拉向城镇就业。在这个过程中,职业的分化将直接导致农民群体内部的分化。但是,根据我们对陕西六个“城中村”的调查,农民职业的分化并不明显,主要原因在于许多农民除农业生产外没有一技之长。现阶段,“城中村”农民陷于“种田无地、就业无门”的尴尬境地。构建一个完善的职业技术教育培训网络,成为“城中村”农民的根本出路。     

高职院校校企合作育人机制探析

以某高职学院和北京湘鄂情股份有限公司的实质性合作为研究对象,在共同培养高职酒店（餐饮连锁）管理专业人才的实践过程中,通过综合比较分析湖南该专业课程和相关餐饮连锁门店职业岗位现状,确定中高端管理服务岗位标准、职业岗位证书,共同构建高职酒店（餐饮连锁）管理专业的课程标准及企业员工培训标准及多方评价机制,形成校企合作育人的长效运行机制。     

理工类高校环境艺术设计专业教育特色初探

环境艺术设计专业教育正面临教学水平同质化、教学模式单一等困境。在深入分析环境艺术设计教育内容基本构成和发展趋势的基础上,阐明当前理工类高校环境艺术设计教育面临的机遇和挑战。以中国计量学院为例提出从借鉴建筑学教育建立专业课程体系、发展注重实践能力培养的教学方法和构建＂双师型＂教学团队等三方面入手培育理工类高校环境艺术设计专业的教育特色。根据各类高校不同的条件和优势差异化办学是环境艺术设计教育不断发展和增强竞争力的重要途径。     

粤港澳高等教育一体化研究

高等教育一体化不仅是粤港澳地区社会、经济发展的要求,也是三地高等教育现代化、国际化发展的要求;粤港澳的高等教育只有走一体化之路,才能充分发挥高等教育对粤港澳经济一体化的巨大推动作用。文章从粤港澳高等教育一体化与经济一体化的关系入手,从粤港澳高等教育的可持续发展出发,分析了粤港澳高等教育一体化之重要性、必要性和可行性及其困难与问题,并提出了实现一体化的对策与建议,并指出三地只有进一步挖掘和利用《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要》的政策优势和平台作用,积极推进粤港澳高等教育一体化进程,才能为三地在世界高等教育领域谋得更大的话语权。