多元化企业有效内部资本市场的均衡配置效应研究

由于投资者保护不完善产生的金融市场的不完美性,从事"挑选胜者"的多元化企业发现,即使经济中有额外资本需求的高生产率项目,通过内部资本市场将稀缺资本配置给平庸项目也是最优的.即使多元化企业的内部资本市场有效,这种内部资本配置偏见也会降低配置效率,因为多元化企业的存在可能使其他公司的融资更为困难.在金融发展处于中等程度的国家,与其多元化企业相联系的负外部性成本特别高,高度多元化会产生家族企业集团控制公司部门的情形,这可能降低市场效率.     

企业集团内部资本市场的存在性与效率性

国内外的研究表明企业集团普遍存在,尤其是在新兴市场经济国家。企业集团以集团总部为核心,通过内部资本市场在分部(成员企业)之间进行资源配置。目前国内关于内部资本市场的研究集中关注内部资本市场对于缓解企业融资约束方面的功能,尚缺乏企业集团内部资本市场资源配置功能的经验证据。本文以2006-2007年沪深两市的系族企业为研究对象,探讨我国企业集团内部资本市场的存在性与效率性。本文的研究结论表明:一方面,无论是国有还是民营企业集团,普遍存在着活跃的内部资本市场;另一方面,企业集团内部资本市场的配置效率普遍不高,并且民营企业集团的内部资本市场的配置效率要显著低于国有企业集团。     

金融危机冲击对企业集团内部资本市场运行的影响——来自我国民营系族企业的经验证据

金融危机冲击下,内部资本市场的运行会发生怎样的调整与变化?内外部资本市场间究竟存在怎样的相互关系?本文以2008年金融危机为背景研究了外部冲击对内部资本市场运行的影响。研究发现:常态经济运行环境下,企业集团通过活跃的内部资本市场来缓解融资约束,但金融危机爆发后,内部资本市场的这种作用消失了;当受到外部冲击时,内部资本市场被外部债务市场所替代。此外,危机爆发前,虽然系族总部通过内部资本市场进行了"交叉补贴",但其并非在系族内"挑选胜者",而更多地考虑企业的投资机会在行业中的相对水平。     

“系族企业”内部资本市场有效率吗？基于中国“系族企业”的实证检验

本文以2002--2007年我国“系族企业”所涉及的280家／年的上市成员企业为研究样本,通过对其内部资本市场效率进行的实证检验,我们发现：从总体上看,市场化环境不好的地区,系族企业的内部资本市场是有效率的。相比于非国有的系族企业,国有系族的内部资本市场是无效率的;而国有系族企业内部,由地方政府控制的系族企业的内部资本市场是无效率的。     

专业化企业集团内、外部资本市场的互补——基于万科集团的案例研究

企业集团的资源配置过程需要经过内、外部两个资本市场。但由于信息不对称等问题的存在,企业进行外部融资时必须承担较高的交易成本和风险,且面临很大的融资约束。而企业通过内部资本市场不但可以解决上述问题,还可以提高资源配置效率。通过基于万科集团的案例研究,本文发现,内部资本市场并不是多元化企业集团的特有现象,它同样存在于专业化企业集团,并且与外部资本市场存在互补关系。     

内部资本市场与外部资本市场比较分析

内部资本市场与外部资本市场都是企业集团资金筹集和投放的市场。企业集团的资本配置过程需要经过内、外部两个资本市场。目前大部分企业对内部资本市场与外部资本市场认识不够深入,对两个市场的功效产生错误的理解。因此,对内部资本市场和外部市场进行比较研究有很重要的意义,不仅仅使得企业了解内外部资本市场的区别更了解他们之间的关系,有利于企业合理安排筹资,促进发展。     

内部资本市场与外部资本市场比较分析

内部资本市场与外部资本市场都是企业集团资金筹集和投放的市场。企业集团的资本配置过程需要经过内、外部两个资本市场。目前大部分企业对内部资本市场与外部资本市场认识不够深入,对两个市场的功效产生错误的理解。因此,对内部资本市场和外部市场进行比较研究有很重要的意义,不仅仅使得企业了解内外部资本市场的区别更了解他们之间的关系,有利于企业合理安排筹资,促进发展。     

产融结合资本配置效应的理论分析

本研究以内部资本市场理论为基础,对产融结合的资本配置效应进行了分析,得出结论:产融结合能为企业构造包含金融机构的内部资本市场,一方面可以缓解企业的融资约束,但另一方面也会使企业的组织结构复杂化,公司治理难度加大,进而对资本的配置产生负面影响。     

探讨企业集团内部资本市场的多重利益冲突以及其有效协调策略

企业集团的内部资本市场对提升经济效益起到重要作用,通过集团成员间相互协作,能产生诸多协作收益,如降低总融资的成本、提高资本的配置效率、增加收益等。但是随着企业集团的迅速发展和资本市场的应用日益普遍,现实中企业集团的内部资本市场的多重利益冲突也日益明显,并对集团发展产生阻碍作用。本文基于集团型企业,对内部资本市场的近期发展进行研究,并阐述了企业集团的内部资本市场中出现的利益冲突,同时提出针对性较强的解决和协调方法,为企业集团长久、稳定发展提供好的意见。     

上市公司智力资本信息披露市场效应研究——基于上市公司IPO招股说明书的经验证据

智力资本信息对外部投资者的投资决策和企业内部的管理活动具有非常重要的作用。研究表明：我国上市公司招股说明书中已存在智力资本信息。本文对智力资本信息在上市公司招股说明书中的存在性和市场效应等问题进行实证分析,说明智力资本信息已对社会产生一定的影响,为我国上市公司智力资本信息的进一步管理与规范提供分析依据。     

Internal capital markets and employee wage: Evidence from China

The existing literature mainly focuses on the economic consequences of the internal capital market at firm level, while rarely literatures explore the effect on individual perspective. Based on manually collected data of the internal capital market from 2007 to 2018 in Chinese business groups, we examined whether and how internal capital market affects the employee wage. We find that internal capital market can add the employees wage. Further, the mechanism analysis shows that internal capital market can improve the employees wage by reducing operating risks, improving capital intensity and alleviating financing constraints. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is more significant for private enterprises. This paper provides useful guideline for the improvement of employee's welfare and then benefit for enhance firm productivity.     

Conglomerate investment under various capital market conditions

This paper studies the investment of diversified and focused firms under various capital market conditions. When external capital becomes more costly at the aggregate level, investment declines in focused firms but remains unchanged in diversified firms. This investment advantage enjoyed by diversified firms could attribute to both their easy access to external capital and their ability to substitute internal capital markets for costly external markets. Consistent with the internal capital market argument, our findings show that the investment advantage exists for diversified firms even after we control for their easy access to external markets. We also find that the role of internal markets in financing investment is more important for diversified firms that are more financially constrained in external markets. Finally, we find that the segment-level investment becomes more efficient in conglomerates’ internal capital markets under depressed external capital market conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that internal capital allocation functions as a valuable and efficient substitute for diversified firms in a tightened external capital market.     

Ownership,Internal Capital Market,and Financing Costs

The development of China’s financial markets lags behind its economic development, which has set constraints for firms to obtain external finance. In practice, Chinese firms employ an internal capital market to mitigate financial constraints. We provide a case study and empirical analysis to investigate both the determinants for the establishment of an internal capital market and its economic consequence. We find that private enterprises (PEs) have greater motivation to establish an internal capital market and to allocate capital by the market-oriented way. In addition, we find that the internal capital market can help firms reduce financing costs, especially in PEs.     

Corporate Groups and Minority Shareholder Wealth: A Role for Private Benefits?

This paper aims at developing a theoretical framework to address the issue of internal resource allocation within corporate groups, representing an extension of the internal capital market approach developed for Anglo-Saxon type multidivisional enterprises. In particular, the paper investigates how private benefits from control affect investment decision processes in a capital constrained business group. We consider a group of n listed companies controlled by one main shareholder (i.e., a hierarchical group), and suppose that the group as a whole is endowed with an exogenous and limited amount of capital for investment. We analyze the effects of private benefits on the investment allocative efficiency and on the wealth of the group';s various claimants. Under reasonable assumptions, we show that the controlling shareholder always finds preferable to secure private benefits. Moreover, and surprisingly enough, we find that the appropriation of control benefits may give rise to an increase in the market value of the group as well as in the portfolio wealth of the set of minority shareholders. In particular, the positive effect of control benefits on minority interests increases with the capital rationing of the group. Therefore, the effects of private benefits can be different in different markets, depending on the degree of development and the credit capacity of the single market. The findings of this paper challenge the largely accepted view that private benefits from control are always harmful to minority shareholders.     

Business groups in China

We investigate whether business groups in China act as internal capital markets, in an environment that is characterized by a high level of government intervention, a weak legal system, and an underdeveloped financial market. We study how institutional factors, such as the ultimate owner and level of market development, shape the role of these business groups. We find that business groups help member firms overcome constraints in raising external capital, and that the internal capital market within a business group is more likely to be an alternative financing channel among state-owned firms than among private firms. We also find that the internal capital market is more likely to help those affiliated firms which are private, local government owned relative to those owned by central government, or located in regions with a well-developed institutional environment. We present evidence of the role of business groups in risk sharing among affiliated firms, but find that business group affiliation has no impact on firm accounting performance. This study sheds new light on the theory of the firm and its boundaries, and provides a better understanding of China's rapidly growing economy.     

Financial market development and the importance of internal cash: Evidence from international data

We examine the impact of financial market development on the extent to which firms have to rely on internal capital for making investments. Using international data from 31 countries for the 1987–1997 period, we find evidence of a negative relationship between financial market development and the importance of internal capital. The evidence is consistent across different estimation procedures, alternative measures of financial constraints and cash flow, and the use of bootstrapped standard errors. Finally, we find that the distortionary effect of negative cash flow observations reported earlier for US data extends to international data as well.     

Internal capital market efficiency and the diversification discount: The role of financial statement comparability

This paper investigates how financial statement comparability affects the efficiency of internal capital markets and diversification discounts in multi‐segment firms through monitoring mechanisms. Previous studies suggest that financial statement comparability improves transparency and reduces the cost of information processing, mitigating information asymmetry between managers and shareholders. Using measures of comparability and internal capital efficiency, we find that financial statement comparability has a strong positive influence on internal capital market efficiency. Further, we find that by improving the efficiency of internal capital markets, financial statement comparability indeed mitigates diversification discounts. Especially, the effect of financial statement comparability is more pronounced for firms with high information asymmetry or operating environment volatility. The results support our arguments that financial statement comparability enhances the efficiency of internal capital markets and increases firm value in diversified firms by mitigating agency problems via monitoring and corporate control mechanisms.     

Emerging Derivatives Markets: The Case of Chile

We compare the performance of firms affiliated with diversified business groups with the performance of unaffiliated firms in Turkey, an emerging market. We address the question of whether group-affiliated firms create internal capital markets or control large cash flows. Our findings indicate that group affiliation improves a firm's accounting performance, but not stock market performance. Deviation of cash-flow rights from voting rights has a negative but insignificant effect on accounting performance, but a significant effect on market performance. We also find that a firm's accounting, but not stock market, performance increases with the level of group diversification. Our results show that internal capital markets play an important role for the existence of business groups in an emerging market context.     

Internal Capital Markets, Bank Borrowing, and Financing Constraints: Evidence from Belgian Firms

In Belgium, financial and industrial groupings play a crucial role in the accumulation and allocation of capital in the economy. In this paper, it is hypothesized that Belgian firms for which investment is partly financed on an internal capital market, will not be subject to financing constraints to the same extent as firms which have to borrow from banks. Moreover, it is hypothesized that firms belonging to a group, transfer internal surpluses of funds to other group members by investing in financial assets. An empirical analysis confirms the first hypothesis, but rejects the second hypothesis.     

基于中国背景的内部资本市场研究:理论框架与研究建议

本文对国内外已有的内部资本市场文献进行了归纳和梳理,针对目前我国内部资本市场理论研究中存在的问题和不足,构建了体现我国特色的内部资本市场理论研究框架体系:以内部资本市场环境为起点、内部资本市场功能为主线,研究内部资本市场运作及其经济后果的交互作用关系,最终传递到公司价值的形成。在此基础上,提出了未来我国内部资本市场理论研究的若干建议。