The urban–rural divide,regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime

Potential regional variation in crime rates has been recognized as an issue of clear importance given its implications for the development and evaluation of theories of criminal activity, determining the appropriate level of disaggregation at which to undertake empirical analyses of crime and whether crime fighting policies should be constructed at a national or local level. Consequently, a literature has evolved examining the similarities in US regional crime rates and whether a national trend exists or is emerging. The present article extends the recent research into the emergence of a national trend by considering convergence in alternative classifications of crime using a data set subject to a higher degree of disaggregation than considered hitherto. The results obtained overturn previous findings obtained using more highly aggregated data, indicating the detection of convergence to be dependent upon the level of disaggregation considered. In addition, the extent of convergence detected is shown to vary across classifications of criminal activity and reflect anecdotally noted changes in the evolution of crime at a national level. The implications of the observed regional variation in crime for the urban–rural divide and theoretical, empirical and policy analyses are noted.     

我国欠发达地区农村劳动力的流动与收入：基于性别视角的分析

利用2006年安徽省阜阳市农村外出务工劳动力的抽样调查资料,采用Logistic回归模型,从性别视角对欠发达地区农村外出务工劳动力收入的影响因素进行了实证分析。得出主要结论如下:欠发达地区农村外出务工劳动力收入存在性别差异,男性更易获得高收入;年龄是影响男性农村外出务工劳动者收入的重要因素,但对女性农村外出务工劳动者收入的影响并不显著;性别会影响农村外出务工劳动力进入行业的选择。     

Evolution of wealth inequality in China

Household wealth is a key indicator that reflects national economic competiveness and individual income levels. The distribution of wealth is central for evaluating social justice in a country. This article uses a data set composed of the 2002 China Household Income Project and the 2010 Chinese Family Panel Survey to analyze the level of wealth and wealth inequality in China during 2002 and 2010. The analysis decomposes the evolution of wealth inequality during that period in terms of the structure and composition of wealth. The findings show that there was a large increase in the quantity of wealth and wealth inequality between 2002 and 2010. The level of wealth in 2010 was four times that of 2002, and housing assets were the greatest component of overall wealth in 2010. Wealth inequality also rose dramatically after 2002, with the Gini coefficient of the distribution of wealth increasing from 0.538 in 2002 to 0.739 in 2010. The rapidly escalating price of housing has been the main contributor to increasing wealth inequality in recent years.     

中国劳动力市场结构与农村剩余劳动力转移

中国劳动力市场的特殊结构对农村剩余劳动力转移有重要影响。本文通过吸收二元制劳动力市场分割理论的基本假设和对制度变量的讨论,建立了中国农村剩余劳动力转移的“二元市场与二元劳动力”模型,并用以解释中国农村剩余劳动力转移的特点。本文认为,政府的强制性制度障碍导致“S型的人力资本投资曲线”的产生,从而使城市居民在主要劳动力市场具有政策和人力资本优势;作为对福利制度缺失的替代,“隐形补贴”等诱致性制度创新导致农村剩余劳动力在次要劳动力市场具有成本优势。这一模型对于我国农村剩余劳动力迁移中的特殊现象有较好的解释力,对于我国城市化战略和我国一元劳动力市场的形成有重要的理论意义。     

Is Part-Time Employment after Childbirth a Stepping-Stone into Full-Time Work? A Cohort Study for East and West Germany

Does part-time work support first-time mothers’ employment by providing a stepping-stone into full-time work in Germany? Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984–2012, this study compares three different age cohorts of first-time East and West German mothers to investigate whether there has been any convergence between East and West Germany in the way women use part-time employment. Results show that mothers in West Germany in all cohorts tended to remain in part-time employment for longer periods than those in East Germany. Part-time employment more often provided a stepping-stone into full-time employment in East Germany than in West Germany. East German women who gave birth after reunification were less likely than older cohorts to experience a transition from part-time to full-time work. Thus, part-time employment not followed by subsequent full-time work has become more common in the East.     

Economic crisis and benefits of the Internet: differentiated Internet usage by employment status

Using data from the Spanish Survey on Equipment and Use of ICTs in Households for 2007–2011, this paper evaluates the effect of employment status on the diffusion of the Internet among the labor force. We use a bivariate probit with sample selection model to account for a potential selection bias that arises because online usage is only observed for Internet users. Our results show that, controlling for income, employment influences online adoption and usage, and we find evidence of a digital divide in adoption and usage by education and age among the labor force. Employed individuals are more likely to have accessed the Internet and used it more frequently than the unemployed and for different activities. However, conditional on adoption, they do not use the Internet for more personal activities. These findings suggest that firms promote and subsidize Internet access, but this sponsored access does not translate into more personal use.     

移动互联网使用对女性非农就业和收入的影响研究

移动互联网等数字技术的发展对实现充分就业具有重要作用,促进女性就业和创业是实现充分就业的必要前提。本文基于 2019 年中国家庭金融调查数据,研究了移动互联网的使用对女性非农就业、收入和性别工资差距的影响。研究发现,移动互联网使用促进了女性非农就业,显著缩小了与男性的就业差距。使用 Heckman 两步法和工具变量法克服内生性问题后的结果表明,移动互联网使用显著促进了女性收入的提高,且这种促进作用偏向于女性,缩小了与男性的收入差距。替换被解释变量后上述结论依然稳健。异质性分析发现,相比于从事受雇工作,移动互联网使用对女性创业的促进作用更强;但对已经就业的女性,移动互联网使用显著提升了受雇者的收入,未能显著增加创业者的收入。结论认为,为持续提高女性就业和收入,需要进一步加强移动互联网基础设施建设、转变传统的性别观念以及增强互联网对人力资本投资的作用。     

城市化时代的农村劳动力转移分析

农村劳动力转移与城市化一般是指工业化过程中社会生产力的发展引起的在地域空间上的城镇数量的增加和城镇规模的扩大。目前,农村劳动力转移问题已经成为解决三农问题和全面建设小康社会的重中之重。     

促进农民劳动力与资本和谐结合的对策分析

促进农村劳动力与资本在城市和农村的和谐结合是进一步增加农民收入的当务之急。在城市,人为歧视导致经济歧视,进而引起农村劳动力与资本结合度低。在农村,财政、金融和私人投资受限是生产要素结合度低的原因。管理当局可以从强化财政对农民的扶持与保护职能、依靠政策性银行带动商业银行发放贷款、吸引外国和城市私人资本投入、降低农民劳动力流动成本来增强农民投资能力等几个方面来提高双生产要素结合效率。     

农村剩余劳动力转移的重要途径——国际劳务输出

我国农村剩余劳动力的转移问题越来越受到社会各界的关注。本文提出扩大国际劳务输出是转移农村剩余劳动力的重要途径。我国进行国际劳务输出具有较大的比较优势和发展空间。我国政府应加大国际劳务输出的管理力度,为促进我国农村剩余劳动力转移另辟新径。     

工业化进程中农村劳动力转移“合力模型”的构建

在借鉴"推-拉"理论的基础上,结合中国的实际情况,从农村劳动力转移的全过程出发,构建中国工业化进程中农村劳动力转移的"合力模型",对农村劳动力转移的影响因素进行了解释,并提出相应的对策建议。     

基于马尔科夫链预测山西农村剩余劳动力转移趋势

在对农村劳动力转移的相关国内外理论文献回顾的基础上,利用马尔可夫链建立了山西省农村劳动力流动趋势模型,希望可以寻找山西省进行农村剩余劳动力转移可以借鉴的模式。然后。对山西农村剩余劳动力转移的现状和特点进行了总结。     

试论我国劳动力转移对农村经济发展影响

“三农”问题是当前的重中之重,提高农民收入的主要方法之一是将大量滞留在农村富余劳动力有效转移。农业劳动力转移,可以降低农业生产总成本,增加农民收入,发展农村经济,也在一定程度上提高了劳动力自身的素质。但由于我国目前法律制度的不完善,社会保障体系不健全,导致农村劳动力转移过程中出现许多阻碍经济发展和社会不公平现象。解决这些问题,对促进农村经济发展,构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要意义。     

城市外来人口的户籍身份与卫生服务利用——以昆明市官渡区为例

基于最新的研究动向与成果,按照区域分割和城乡分割相结合的双重视角,探讨外来农业人口、外来城市人口、本地农业人口和本地城市人口在卫生服务利用上的差异。城乡分割主要是\"遗产性\"的影响,表现为外来人口内部的农业(户籍)人口与非农业(户籍)人口在流入地卫生服务利用上的差距;区域分割的影响显著,表现为两个外来人口群体与本地人口之间在获取城市卫生服务上的差距。外来农业人口受区域分割和城乡分割的双重影响,处于研究群体的最底层,使用私人诊所和在家接生的概率最大。