开放资本市场与国家金融安全

要成为一个经济强国,其资本市场一定要开放。资本市场一开放,将对该国的金融安全产生威胁。资本市场开放使国家减弱了对汇率、利率的调节能力。我国的国民经济高速发展,国际收支状况良好,人民币汇率稳定,证券市场有了一定的发展,因此具有一定的抗冲击能力。但目前,我国在资本市场抗冲击能力上仍存在不少问题。要提高资本市场抗冲击能力,就要选择有限制的直接开放模式。     

Room to Manoeuvre? International Financial Markets and the National Tax State

Globalisation has triggered a downwards trend in direct taxation as governments compete for internationally mobile capital. This popular postulation has blurred the attention to potential upward constraints on tax policy-making emanating from globalised capital markets. In this paper, we illustrate when and how capital markets exert an upward pressure on taxes. While the increasing access to international capital allowed governments in developed democracies to indulge their voters with deficit-financed spending, the most recent crisis has shown that this is no panacea. When international loans become costly, governments have to revert to raising revenue domestically. Using comparative time-series data since the 1980s, we investigate how rising bond yields affect the number and the direction of tax reforms, as well as the tax mix in the OECD. The empirical analysis provides some evidence that international capital markets place an upward pressure on taxes, recently above all on consumption taxes. Yet, governments have also retained room to manoeuvre as a number of tax decisions are more dependent on domestic political factors than on pressure from the capital markets.     

Matching, Heterogeneity, and the Evolution of Income Distribution

This paper analyzes a model in which firms and workershave to engage in costly search to find a production partner,and endogenizes the skill, job, and wage distributions in thiscontext. The presence of search frictions implies that thereare two redistributive forces in the labor market. The firstis mismatch relative to the Walrasian economy; skilled workerstend to work with lower physical to human capital ratios, andthis compresses the earnings differentials. The second is theopportunity cost effect; because the opportunity cost of acceptingan unskilled worker, which is to forgo the opportunity to employa skilled worker, is high, unskilled wages are pushed down. Theinteraction between these two forces leads to a non-ergodic equilibriumprocess for wage and income inequality. Further, the presenceof mismatch reduces the rate of return to physical capital andthus depresses growth. A key prediction of the analysis is thatincreasing wage inequality is more likely to arise in economieswith less frictional labor markets, which is in line with thediverse cross-country patterns observed over the past two decades.Finally, the paper predicts that, as is largely the case withU.S. data, between group and within group wage inequality shouldmove in the same direction.     

Minimum wages and the wage distribution in Estonia

Abstract: This article studies how changes in the statutory minimum wage have affected the wage distribution in Estonia, a post-transition country with little collective bargaining and relatively large wage inequality. The analyses show that the minimum wage has had substantial spillover effects on wages in the lower tail of the distribution; the effects are most pronounced up to the twentieth percentile and then decline markedly. The minimum wage has contributed to lower wage inequality and this has particularly benefitted low-wage segments of the labour market such as women and the elderly. Interestingly, the importance of the minimum wage for the wage distribution was smaller during the global financial crisis than before or after the crisis.     

Foreign Capital,Skill Formation,and Migration of Skilled Workers

We study the interaction between foreign capital inflow and international migration of skilled labor when a small open economy is subject to exogenous shocks. The presence of a skill formation sector is central to our analysis, such that import liberalization and increased foreign capital inflow may lead to increased skill emigration both in absolute terms and as percentage of gross skill formation. Furthermore, a positive product price shock for the sector that uses foreign capital may turn out to be immiserizing. Finally, growth in the agricultural sector can lower the rate of skill formation as well as skill emigration.     

Is Trade Liberalization an Important Cause of Increasing U.S. Wage Inequality? The Interaction of Theory and Policy

The majority of mainstream economists believe that globalization and trade liberalization have had a minor role in increasing U.S. wage inequality. A minority argues that capital mobility and outsourcing indicate a larger effect. This paper first surveys these views, and then argues that how we understand the policy consequences of trade liberalization helps determine the character of our analysis of the issue itself. Thus, a shift in policy perspective, to consider the "equity costs" of trade liberalization in terms of eroded U.S. labor market institutions, produces a larger framework for analyzing the consequences of globalization and trade liberalization than is available in traditional comparative advantage efficiency reasoning. From this wider perspective, trade liberalization has likely had a greater impact on U.S. wage inequality than even the minority mainstream position allows.     

国有部门与非国有部门之间何以存在工资差异？--一个金融的视角

中国的国有部门与非国有部门因劳动力市场的分割而存在一定的工资差异。根据1999～2012年间的省级面板数据研究发现,由于不同所有制部门的融资能力不同,金融发展通过对资本积累过程的影响,显著扩大了国有部门与非国有部门的工资差异,尤其是国有部门与非国有部门中的集体经济部门的工资差异。这一结论说明金融发展不仅没有削弱,反而加强了国有企业相对于非国有企业的融资优势。     

Property,Power, and Public Choice: An Inquiry into Law and Economics

This article briefly describes the evolution of the recent economic crisis based on different theories toward my own interpretation of it. The deregulation wave of the last decades has created new profit opportunities in various contexts — from labor flexibility to privatization and from financialization to globalization — so promoting a renewed process of capitalist accumulation after the stagflation of the 1970s. This has taken place at the cost of a wide-ranging increase in inequality and instability, thus bringing a cascade of crises, including the latest one of 2008.     

Efficient taxation, wage bargaining and policy coordination

This paper is related to the literature on optimal nonlinear taxation under right-to-manage wage formation, and we assume that the fall-back profit facing firms during wage bargaining depends on the profit they can obtain if moving production abroad. The purpose is to study how policy coordination among countries can be used to increase the welfare level in comparison with an uncoordinated equilibrium. We consider coordinated policy reforms with respect to the marginal taxation of labor income, the unemployment benefit and the provision of a public good. The results show that policy coordination that leads to fewer hours of work per employee and/or a reduction of the unemployment benefit will increase welfare compared to the uncoordinated equilibrium.     

Explaining the increase in inequality during transition

This paper attempts to explain the increase in inequality that has been observed in all transition economies by constructing a simple model of change in composition of employment during the transition. The change consists of the 'hollowing-out' of the state-sector middle class as it moves into either the 'rich' private sector or the 'poor' unemployed sector. The predictions of the model are contrasted with the empirical evidence from annual household income surveys from six transition economies (Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Slovenia) over the period 1987-95. We find that the most important factor driving overall inequality upwards was increased inequality of wage distribution. The non-wage private sector contributed strongly to inequality only in Latvia and Russia. Pensions, paradoxically, also pushed inequality up in Central Europe, while non-pension social transfers were too small everywhere and too poorly focussed to make much difference.     

Labour Taxation in a Unionised Economy with Home Production

The impact of payroll taxes on unemployment and welfare are examined in a model with household production and union–firm wage bargaining. The analysis shows that unemployment typically falls as the payroll tax rate in the market sector for household substitutes (the service sector) is reduced. This holds even when the payroll tax rate in the non-service sector is raised in order to maintain a balanced government budget. Welfare improves with a reduced-service-sector payroll tax rate only if unions are equally strong and firms are equally labour intensive across the sectors.
JEL classification : E 24; H 21; J 22; J 51     

Concentration and Wage Earnings in an Open Economy: A Case Study of Korea

The object of this paper is to increase our understanding of the effect of output market power (the degree of concentration in an industry) on wage earnings in Korea. We conduct a series of econometric investigations based on the traditional human capital theory and find that workers in a more concentrated industry are paid higher. This wage premium is not explained in terms of the differences in the quality of labor and/or compensating factors. It suggests to us that the conventional estimates of the misallocation of resources due to the output market power are underestimated since this source of higher unit costs is disregarded. [820]     

Long-run impact of increased wage pressure

An unanticipated permanent increase in wage pressure is analyzed in a dynamic general-equilibrium model combining standard theory of capital accumulation and monopolistic wage setting. The long-run (steady-state) implications are identical percentage reduction in employment, consumption, and capital stock whereas wages and the real interest rate are unchanged. The reduction in employment on impact is larger than the steady-state reduction whereas wages rise and the real interest rate declines on impact.     

金融全球化过程中的伦理问题

金融全球化是经济全球化进程中的一个重要板块。金融全球化对世界经济发展具有积极作用,但是这一进程中也有一些问题需要解决,其中发达国家和发展中国家之间难以体现利益共享原则,发达国家和发展中国家在金融管理和金融经验上的差异,使发展中国家时刻面临金融危机的旋涡,是这一进程中凸现的经济问题,也是包含着深刻伦理内涵的伦理问题。关注这一问题,强调金融全球化进程中的伦理理性,是金融全球化健康发展的客观要求。     

基于金融安全的公司治理

金融安全和公司治理都是实现企业效益最大化，促使一国经济稳定健康发展的关键问题，但在学术界它们通常是被分开进行研究的，这在很大程度上制约了对企业发展的综合思考。完善的公司治理是保证金融安全的基本条件，目前的国际竞争在很大程度上是公司治理的竞争。这为研究公司治理问题提供了一个新的视角，也为我国公司治理改革思路提供了启示。     

金融全球化与中国金融安全

在经济全球化的过程中，金融全球化是其发展的主要内容和高级阶段。金融的全球化会为经济的进一步发展创造更优越的金融条件，但与此同时也必然会带来金融风险的变化。金融全球化对世界经济和国别经济产生了深刻的影响，对国家金融安全的影响同样深刻，使国家金融安全问题更为突出。鉴于我国目前在金融安全领域存在的问题及国际上的经验教训，我国在制定发展战略、融入全球化浪潮时，对金融安全问题必须超前研究对策，做到趋利避害。     

市场化、全球化与劳动力工资不平等增长——基于第二产业的实证研究

针对我国劳动力工资普遍上涨现象,通过对第二产业的实证分析,揭示了竞争性行业工资水平及其增长速度均远远低于垄断性行业的现实,认为与市场化和全球化进程不相适应的体制性因素是工资不平等增长的主要原因。