An application of dynamic specifications of factor demand equations to interfuel substitution in US industrial energy demand

In a recent paper, Jones (1995) [A dynamic analysis of the interfuel substitution in US industrial energy demand. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 13 (4), 459–465] presents a dynamic analysis of interfuel substitution in US industry energy demand. The author concludes that a dynamic linear logit model is ‘superior' to a comparable dynamic translog model. The latter in fact violates concavity conditions whilst the logit formulation does not. This paper shows first of all that the dynamic formulation of the translog used in Jones (1995) is mis-specified. In fact, a parsimonious error-correction model (ECM) ‘dominates' alternative dynamic formulations, amongst which the partial adjustment mechanism used by the author. The ECM is able to generate optimal estimates of long-run and short-run elasticities, and it satisfies the concavity conditions of the cost function. Further, the theoretical framework used in this paper is the one recently proposed by Urga (1996) [On the identification problem in testing dynamic specification of factor demand equations. Econ. Lett. 52, 205–210] and Allen and Urga (1998) [Derivation and estimation of interrelated factor demands from dynamic cost function. Forthcoming in Economica]. It allows one to identify all coefficients (long-run and short-run) of the dynamic formulation via the joint estimation of the ‘effective' (short-run) cost function and the set of factor demand equations. This strategy solves, amongst other things, the parameter identification problem within the set of demand equations themselves, an issue which was originally noted by Anderson and Blundell (1982) [Estimation and hypothesis testing in dynamic singular equation systems. Econometrica, 1559–1571], re-addressed by Friesen (1992) [Testing dynamic specification of factor demand equations for US manufacturing. Rev. Econ. Stat. LXXIV (2), 240–250] and, more recently, by Urga (1996) and Allen and Urga (1998).     

从新制度经济学角度看经济全球化和区域经济一体化

当今世界经济全球化和区域经济一体化是两股并行不悖的世界潮流。传统的国际经济理论将区域经济一体化看作是经济全球化的一种过渡形式和发展阶段,本文从制度变迁的视角分析了全球化和一体化出现的原因并在此基础上重新审视了二者关系,认为全球化和一体化都是一种基于原有制度的制度创新,它们的出现都是源于潜在利润的存在,二者是两种在空间上并存的制度安排。不同的是,全球化是一个自发的市场机制起主导作用的过程,一体化则是一个国家起主导作用的过程。     

全球化进程中长三角区域城市功能的演进

首先以世界体系理论和依附论为基础梳理了全球化中核心—外围之间的不均衡理论,并结合全球城市理论和价值链理论总结了地域功能分布的基本模式;其次,研究从区位商、职能强度、产业异同性等方面进行计算,对长三角区域的城市功能进行了时间序列的动态分析。研究发现：从1996—2005年,长三角区域形成了以上海为主要核心的生产服务业集聚城市,邻近上海的苏州、无锡成为技术密集产业集聚的城市,南京、杭州、宁波等核心城市也具有较高产业价值区段的职能,这6个城市成为了长三角区域的核心地域;其余的城市为附加价值较低的外围区域,也是城市功能趋于非结构化的同质化区域。     

智能制造的生产成本属性异变及边际成本递减律

智能科技革命驱动的智能制造,是新时期推进制造强国建设的不二选项.智能制造以工业智能体取代人力作业,采用\"车间智能体+镜像网络\"的单要素虚实融合生产模式,这将带来迥异于传统制造业的生产特征和成本属性,进而改变成本函数形态.比较研究发现,智能制造具有\"高固定成本、弱可变成本\"属性,并据此推导出随产量弱增长的弱成本函数,以及相应产生的边际成本递减规律.智能制造边际成本递减律,主要源于智能制造的单要素虚实融合生产模式对可变成本的冲淡与弱化效应.从政策层面,建议有序开展智能制造系统的众筹建造模式,积极推行智能制造系统的产能共享模式,尽早谋划智能时代产业工人的全新就业模式,大力引导消费者不断介入生产活动,实现消费者向\"消产者\"的身份转变.     

劳动力全球化视角下的中国国际竞争力变化——来自亚洲新兴国家的比较

本文从劳动力全球化视角,根据相对劳动成本平价模型,以美国为比较基准,选择东亚4国和印度为比较对象,对1991—2008年的6国相对劳动平价、实际汇率变动和相对劳动成本变动做了系列研究。研究表明,就全时期而言,中国的实际汇率与基期相比已处于升值状态,而其他发展中国家贬值程度扩大;分时期看,在东南亚金融危机前,中国具有相对劳动成本优势。东南亚金融危机后,劳动成本优势持续下降。本次金融危机后,国际竞争力继续恶化。根据研究结果,认为人民币不具升值空间,保持汇率稳定是当前的最优策略。     

A Fourth Desideratum: The CES Cost Function and the Sustainable Configuration of Multiproduct Firms

For many parameter vectors, the sustainable configuration of an industry where multiproduct firms have CES cost functions fails to imply the existence of a multiplicity of multiproduct firms.     

总供给的微观基础

当代宏观经济学把总供给看成是物价水平的函数，而经济增长理论又以社会总生产函数为基础。那麽总供给与总生产函数之间的关系究竟如何？总供给与总生产函数的微观基础是否牢靠？本文从各个企业的生产函数和成本函数出发研究这些问题，找到了社会总生产函数和社会总成本函数的构成形式，并证明了社会的产品总供给和要素总需求正好是在社会总生产函数下，实现社会利润最大化的产品供给与要素需求，从而为宏观经济学中的总供给和总生产函数建立了微观基础。     

评价旅游景点经济价值的数学模型

旅游成本方法是新近发展起来的评价旅游景点经济价值的方法。本文对该方法的理论模型,统计模型及模型应用的条件进行全面的探讨,并结合最近的进展展开评价,同时对旅游在放展予以讨论。     

总量均衡区间及其对通货膨胀与通货紧缩的"放大"效应

现代市场经济运行中由于供给方调整供给量须耗费调节成本,因而传统分析中的"总量均衡中心点"两侧便分别存在着"低位临界点"与"高位临界点",这两点界定了一个特殊的总量均衡区间.总量均衡区间的存在将对通货膨胀与通货紧缩产生一种特殊的"放大"效应,从而对宏观经济运行与调控产生诸多负面影响.对此须予以充分关注,并采取必要措施加以应对.     

旅游需求函数的研究

由于旅游区价格具有一定的刚性和稳定性，采用直接观察法不易得出旅游需求函数。文章通过对旅行成本法的研究，首次提出试用旅游复合成本的变化来替代旅游区价格的变化，综合考虑收入、时间的机会成本等因素，使用出游率和旅游复合成本2个指标，建立旅游需求函数，揭示旅游需求规律，探索出一种简易可行计算旅游需求函数的方法。     

What is wrong with aggregate production functions. On Temple’s ‘aggregate production functions and growth economics’

In an article in the 2006 volume of this journal, Jonathan Temple presented a defence of the use of the aggregate production function in growth theory in the light of various criticisms that have been levelled at it. These criticisms include the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies, various aggregation problems, and the problems posed by the use of value data and the underlying accounting identity. We show that Temple has underestimated the seriousness of these criticisms, especially the last one, which vitiates the concept of the aggregate production function. Because of the identity, estimates of putative aggregate production functions, such as the aggregate elasticity of substitution, cannot be interpreted as reflecting the underlying technology, and hence the use of the aggregate production function is extremely problematical.     

关于大学政治功能的经济成本研究——兼论我国当前公私立大学政党政治成本支付状态

政府政治投资与教育投资的融合,是中央集权制国家教育财政的特点.在这些国家公立大学履行政党政治功能的费用,已成为学校运行成本的重要构成要素.当前我国公私立大学不同的功能设定,导致了支付政党政治成本的巨大差异.政府就大学预算安排方面存在的问题,从一个侧面说明了该成本支出应确定一个边际量,当总成本支出为一个定量时,其构成要素则互为变量.政治成本能否居于节约状态,本身就是检验其组织系统在学校履行政治功能绩效的主要参照系.政府编制财政预算必须考虑大学体制和承担功能的特殊性,并切实加强预算执行过程中的成本分类控制.     

Who are the members of the international club?

This article proposes pragmatic methods that incorporate recent contributions to public good theory to identify the members of the international club and how they select new members. This article also suggests simple applications to the recent problems in international clubs such as the euro and NATO.     

Oil-Price Shocks: Beyond Standard Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Analysis

The author explores the problems of portraying oil-price shocks using the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model. Although oil-price shocks are the most commonly cited examples of aggregate supply shocks, they violate the model's assumption of constant relative prices (as acknowledged by the label, “oil-price shocks”). The resulting problems are effectively masked in textbook presentations by implicitly assuming that the supply shocks occur in a closed economy. However, the typical discussion is glaringly inaccurate when discussing the effects of oil-price shocks on oil-rich countries. Thus, the cogency of the standard model's representation of oil-price shocks on open economies is compromised. A simple modification of the model that differentiates between production and absorption goods enables it to better reflect the effects of oil-price shocks on open economies.