新疆高校少数民族大学生预科汉语学习状况调查分析

在预科汉语学习中,由于少数民族大学生自身汉语水平、对预科汉语学习的认识以及高校在预科汉语课程设置、师资队伍、教材、教学方法等方面的一些不足,制约了少数民族大学生的预科汉语学习。若要解决少数民族大学生预科汉语学习中存在的问题,就应从完善预科汉语课程设置、抓好师资队伍建设、做好预科汉语教材建设、提升教学理念、改进教学方法等方面着手,进一步提高少数民族大学生预科汉语学习的积极性。     

新疆少数民族大学生英语学习障碍分析

新疆各高校在少数民族学生中开展英语教育已有近二十年的历史。就普遍意义而言,少数民族学生的英语教学质量和学生的整体英语水平并没有大幅度或者是明显提高。少数民族大学生在语言（二语）学习中存在着语言基础障碍、历史文化障碍、情感心理障碍、语言差异障碍、学习动机等障碍,教师应正视这些障碍的存在,选择有效的学习策略,帮助学生养成良好的学习习惯,增强其学习动机,从而最终提高英语教学质量。     

族群多样性与地方经济增长—来自中国城市层面的证据

族群多样性的经济影响及其发生机制,是经济学中一个方兴未艾的前沿研究领域.文章利用全国人口普查数据和抽样调查资料,构建了中国300多个城市族群多样性的面板数据,通过计量分析发现,高的族群多样性显著降低了地方经济增长率.在考察了测量指标的影响和内生性问题后,结论依然稳健.通过对影响机制的探讨,文章发现:高的族群多样性显著增大了语言沟通成本,降低了私有部门投资率;另一方面,公有部门投资率不受族群多样性的影响,人均中央财政转移支付和族群多样性显著正相关,这两者缓解了族群多样性的不利影响.以上发现,一方面为族群多样性经济影响的研究提供了新的实证证据;另一方面也为中国地方经济增长的差异性提供了一个新的解释,并衍生出新的学术课题和政策意涵.     

英语文化教学中藏汉双语学生的国家意识培养——兼谈英语教学与国家文化安全

英汉语言普及教育对藏语造成了事实上的生存压力,加上毗邻区域土著语言危机四伏,藏汉双语教育在模式和梯次上还不够完善,多民族杂居区藏族学生语言上的文化焦虑越来越严重,甚至出现了意识形态领域的认同偏差,并进一步导致了文化上的政治冲突,成了地区文化乃至国家安全的一个隐患。在英语教学中导入藏族乡土文化,通过乡土文化优越感效应和藏汉英三语文化的积极比较加强国家意识教育,可以在一定程度上解决上述问题。     

Poverty among ethnic minorities: the transition process,inequality and economic growth

This article investigates the process of reducing poverty in ethnic minority households. Using two recent Vietnam household surveys, we find that ethnic minority households are more likely to be persistently poor and less likely to be persistently non-poor than ethnic majority households. The within-group component generated by the variation in income within each ethnicity group explains more than 90% of the change in total inequality. Income redistribution plays an important role in decreasing the poverty gap and decreasing poverty severity. Different ethnic groups have different poverty patterns, which should be noted when designing policies to alleviate poverty and inequality.     

The English Language Fluency And Earnings Of Ethnic Minorities In Britain

This study addresses two issues. First it estimates how much of the male and female ethnic earnings gap is the result of an advantage in the English language and whether there is an earnings penalty to non–whites, over and above this. Lack of fluency is shown to have a highly significant impact on the earnings of ethnic minorities in Britain, although the language penalty is much greater for women than it is for men. Moreover, only foreign born non–white males that have arrived in Britain between 1970 and 1994, exhibit lower earnings once language fluency is taken into consideration, whilst British born females exhibit higher earnings. So the evidence here suggests that non–white earnings are assimilating towards those of whites and that lower female non–white earnings are a direct result of a lack of fluency rather than ethnicity. Secondly, the study will try to measure any endogenous bias associated with the non–fluency earnings penalty. Controlling for the endogeneity between language fluency and earnings is shown to be problematic. Estimates suggest that single equation earnings functions slightly underestimate the true language fluency penalty for males, and slightly overestimate the fluency penalty for females. Finally, education and fluency are not surprisingly shown to be complementary.     

动机因素对大学生英语自主学习的影响

自主学习,作为现代外语教育的一个重要目标,在英语教学中受到越来越多的关注。从英语学习的情感因素角度出发,阐述了英语学习动机与自主学习之间的相关性,探讨了在大学阶段如何通过对学生学习动机的激发与维持,促进英语自主学习。     

Poverty,inequality and ethnic minorities in Vietnam

The present study examines how and why ethnic minorities are poorer than ethnic majorities in Vietnam using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey data for 2002 and 2004. First, the analysis confirms that households belonging to the ethnic minority groups are not only poorer but also more vulnerable to various shocks than those in the ethnic majority groups, namely the Kinh and the Chinese. Second, household composition (e.g., dependency burden), education, land holding and location are important determinants of expenditure and poverty, whilst there is some diversity among different ethnic groups. Finally, the decomposition analyses reveal that the ethnic minorities are poorer not necessarily because they have more disadvantaged household characteristics (e.g., educational attainment or location), but, more importantly, because the returns to the characteristics are much lower for ethnic minorities than for the majorities. Government policies to reduce structural differences between ethnic majorities and minorities are imperative to address the disparities in returns to endowments between them.     

The impact of (un)conventional expansionary monetary policy on income inequality – lessons from Japan

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the impact of conventional and unconventional monetary policy on income inequality in Japan, using hitherto unexplored data from the Japan Household Panel Survey. Empirical evidence shows that expansionary monetary policy in Japan has contributed to diminishing the gender pay gap through an increase in working time of women relative to men, but also to increasing the education pay gap. These effects may have materialized via the aggregate demand channel and the labour productivity channel. In contrast, expansionary monetary policy has had no significant impact on the development of the age pay gap.     

香港“普教中”的教学理论与教学方法

香港的“普教中”因其历史的独特性与大陆一般的中文教学有所不同，文章对香港小学和初中普教中的一些主流教学理论进行概述，认为其理想的教学理论主要为：语境理论；读写结合、听写结合、说写结合；善用拼音。为提高教学效率，让语文课真正变成工具性和人文性的统一，教师应把握正确的教学方法：以热情的态度感染学生；课堂语言运用恰当；教法多样，重难点突出；确立学与教的主导原则，以学生为中心；重视对学生思想品德的培育和文化的熏陶。     

高校多元教学评价及差距分析模型研究

高校教学是一个包括“教”、“学”及其互动过程的完整工作系统。目前高教研究和高校教学管理的重点是“教”的质量及教学互动质量,时“学”的质量关注甚少。在研究高校教学质量影响因素的基础上,构建了高校多元教学评价指标体系,提出教学质量改进差距分析模型,案例分析表明该模型在高校教学管理实践中具有较强的实际应用价值。     

Changing wage structure and education in Vietnam, 1992–98

This paper examines the changes in relative earnings of workers with different education levels in Vietnam. Using a simple demand‐and‐supply framework developed by Katz and Murphy (1992 ), it was found that an increase in the relative demand for better‐educated male workers in particular appears to play an important role in explaining the earnings differentials between workers of different education groups. Education reform to better suit the needs of the post‐reform emerging market, on‐the‐job training for workers and equal access to education are some policy options that hold the key to reducing wage inequality between different education groups.     

Modeling Cultural Barriers in International Trade

The paper presents a model that analyzes the role of cultural differences in international trade. The decision to study foreign cultures and languages is incorporated into a simple trade model, which captures basic properties of cultural and language barriers. First, cultural costs differ from physical ones in that they can be eliminated by learning. Secondly, learning a language has economies of scale, thus smaller countries tend to invest more into learning. Thirdly, learning decisions within one country impose an externality on trading partners, since learning by one party makes communication easier also for the other one. This implies that learning decisions are in general inefficient, and the paper derives the connection between the equilibrium and optimal outcomes. Finally, because of the substitutability of learning among countries, a policy where a country subsidizes learning in the other nation—“cultural protectionism”—can be rationalized. Under certain conditions, such a policy can improve the welfare of both countries, in contrast to the case of regular export subsidies.     

澳大利亚教育“去管制化”与“教育公共化”运动

本篇主旨为探讨澳大利亚的教育变革是在去管制化趋势下,朝向偏重资源运用的效率、市场竞争导向和消费者利益为考虑的变革,对教育本身产生价值冲击。去管制化政策保障新市场的运行,扩大既成市场利润,导致教育资源的垄断和财团化。这也意味着财团的权力扩大,社会冲突增加,公民权力受到限缩与压制。其结果）中击到澳大利亚人民一百多年来所建立的平等主义、进步主义和多元文化等人文社会价值,以及这些价值所体现的不分阶级、性别、种族和国籍的社会内容与教育哲学。随着新自由主义的管理主义导向,这些传统价值逐渐流失。于是,澳大利亚教育工会和公共大学协会等公民组织开始反思新自由主义所带来的危害,他们经由倡议、论辩与活动,提出不同的观点与行动策略。本文旨在探讨澳大利亚公民社会自20世纪90年代以来如何对新自由主义去管制化政策进行批判,如何重新组织教育,如何经由论辫提出建设性的方案。     

论我国的外语教育规划

外语教育规划是国家制定的外语教育政策,对外语教育的发展起着重要的作用。外语教育规划的缺失会带来外语教育发展的盲目性。我国的外语教育深受社会环境的影响,语种的选择随着国家的政治经济的发展起伏不定,在价值取向上在不同的历史时期呈现不同的特征,但总体上以满足社会的政治、经济、文化为核心。借鉴国外的经验,合理规划我国的外语教育是促进外语教育改革和发展的有效途径。     

Romanians,Hungarians and their wages,in transition,in Romania

Legally binding treaties or memorandums have been used over time to regulate the issue of national borders of many European countries. As a result, relatively large groups of people have become ethnic minorities in other countries. They may conserve their ethnic identities, and therefore their children may accumulate ethnic human capital (e.g., language, culture, and religion) in addition to the general human capital of the country. Therefore, they can get access to an appropriate occupation linked by tradition or other factors to their ethnic group. This paper uses estimates from a selection model with an endogenous switch among three broad types of occupational groups to analyze the composition of the wage gap between Romanians and ethnic Hungarians in Romania before and during the transition from a planned to a market economy. The results suggest that the institutional settings of the controlled economy allowed Romanians to work in occupations that gave them the best returns, while the changes during the transition years allowed ethnic Hungarians to work in occupations that gave them the best returns.     

DO PRIVATE TUTORS ENHANCE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ABILITY? REGRESSION DISCONTINUITY EVIDENCE FROM A POLICY EXPERIMENT IN INDIA

Empirical evidence has shown that returns to English language ability are substantial in India. Research has also focused on the impact of private tutoring in the context of developing economies to find evidence that remedial teaching leads to better student achievement and higher test scores. In this paper I analyze whether private tutoring helps in developing English language ability. Simple OLS estimates suggest statistically significant effects but estimated coefficients are rather small at 0.2 percentage points. Presence of confounders and selection bias may potentially understate the true effects of private tutoring on English language ability. To address this issue, I exploit a unique policy experiment in India in a regression discontinuity framework to identify cohorts eligible for private tutoring and compare their outcomes to the ineligible. I use this potentially exogenous policy variation as an instrument for private tutoring and find significant increases in English language ability estimated at 16 percentage points which is much larger than the simple OLS effects. Since standard academic curriculum is not directed towards improving foreign language ability, private tutoring as an input in the education production function seems to offer high marginal returns. From a policy perspective, this implies that private tutoring should be encouraged for enhancing English ability even though there are concerns that this provides disincentives for teachers to teach in school.     

投资驱动型产业政策、地方固定资产投资与农村人力资本积累——基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的实证分析

基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2018年数据与笔者收集的数据,本文采用跨地区和出生队列的变异构造双重差分模型（Cohort DID）分析了地方政府投资驱动型产业政策对农村人力资本积累的影响。研究发现,2008年之后地方政府投资驱动型产业政策引致的大规模传统基础设施投资与农村适龄青年完成高中教育的可能性之间存在显著负相关关系。使用工具变量的检验结果表明,上述研究结论具有较强的稳健性。此外,本文还尝试性地探究了上述效应的作用机制：投资驱动型产业政策引致的传统基础设施投资大幅攀升,一方面增加了建筑业及相关低技能工作的机会,提升了投资教育的机会成本;另一方面带来了低技能劳动力工资的提升,导致了不同教育水平劳动力工资趋同、技能溢价下跌,降低了预期教育回报。本文的研究结论可以为“十四五”时期中国全面构建与创新驱动型经济发展模式相匹配的产业政策体系提供参考。     

Learning through games? Evaluating the learning effect of a policy exercise on European climate policy

One of the arguments for the use of simulation-gaming approaches in policy appraisal has consistently been their potential to stimulate learning. Yet few studies seek to ascertain the learning effects of these methods in a systematic manner; on the whole, participants' learning from interactive appraisal processes remains both under-conceptualised and under-evaluated. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap by developing a typology of learning effects (cognitive, relational, and normative) that can be expected from policy games. We subsequently present a set of tools for measuring them and test our approach on the case of a policy exercise on burden sharing in future European climate policy involving policy-makers and experts.On the basis of our measurements, we found limited evidence for learning from the policy exercise, mostly in the cognitive and the relational domain. In this context, the use of concept maps is an interesting methodological innovation. Employed as pre- and post-measurements, they proved a useful tool for tracing conceptual change through the exercise among participants. The paper concludes with a plea for more systematic assessment of the learning effects of interactive appraisal exercises, with a view to enabling a deeper discussion on the benefits and limitations of these methods.     

教学参考资源数据库在高校教学中的运用

教学参考资源是重要的教学辅助资源,对于培养学生的自主学习与创新能力、提高教学水平以及创新教学模式等都具有积极的意义。计算机及网络技术的飞速发展,为教学参考资源数据库的建立提供了技术支持。由于在信息存储量、表现形式以及信息可获取性等方面具有相对于传统资源的明显优势,教学参考资源数据库将在高校教学与科研活动中发挥更为显著的功能。数据库功能模块的设置、教参资源的内容设置、数据库运行的技术支持以及版权问题的处理将是数据库作用发挥的基本条件。