新兴市场国家短期资本流入管制的实践及其启示

东南亚金融危机后,流入新兴市场的私人资本一度出现大幅度的下降。而在本世纪初,随着新兴市场国家经济金融结构改革的不断推进,其经济基本面逐步好转,国民经济重新呈现出高速增长的趋势。而与此同时,全球范围内具有充足的流动性,且美元由于美国贸易赤字问题而不断走软。     

新兴资本市场的培育与国家经济安全

由于资本市场的发展滞后于经济的高速增长,新兴市场要大量依靠外来资本推动其经济增长,因而外资的稳定流入对增长速度的维持至关重要。一旦外资出现不稳定,增长速度就难以维持,不但经济出现衰退,严重的甚至会爆发金融危机。正是这种原因,１９９４年和１９９７年全球...     

新兴市场资本流入面临大幅下滑风险

在金融市场局势依然严峻的同时，投资者也不应忘记实体经济层面的风险未来几个季度中，全球经济增长可能会大幅减速。我们担心，本次经济下滑将在众多国家同步出现，而且其持续时间有可能超出我们过去的预计。基于这种担忧，本文着重分析了新兴市场货币面临的一顶风险新兴市场经济体不仅将出现明显的经济减速，而且流入的全球资本也很可能会大幅萎缩，从而打击其货币。     

新兴市场资本流入面临大幅下滑风险

在金融市场局势依然严峻的同时，投资者也不应忘记实体经济层面的风险未来几个季度中，全球经济增长可能会大幅减速。我们担心，本次经济下滑将在众多国家同步出现，而且其持续时间有可能超出我们过去的预计。基于这种担忧，本文着重分析了新兴市场货币面临的一项风险新兴市场经济体不仅将出现明显的经济减速，而且流入的全球资本也很可能会大幅萎缩，从而打击其货币。     

国际资本流动态势变化与新兴市场国家金融稳定

在新兴市场国家融入金融全球化过程中,进出入新兴市场国家国际资本流动规模不断激增,其波动性也越来越强,这使得国际资本流动对新兴市场国家金融稳定产生的冲击也越来越大,而且发达国家非常规货币政策对新兴市场国家的溢出效应也日益凸显。大规模国际资本流入新兴市场国家后,国际金融形势、市场预期等因素变化会使得国际资本流入突然停止并逆转流出,这在金融溢出效应和共同贷款者效应作用下,会对新兴市场国家金融稳定产生极大冲击。中国应采取多种措施积极应对,提升国际资本流动管理的有效性,审慎开放资本账户,积极深化与新兴市场国家的金融合作,努力维护中国和新兴市场的金融稳定。     

中国应如何应对跨境资本流动?

随着全球浮动汇率体系的建立以及各国金融自由化政策的实施,资本的大规模跨境流动已成为全球金融体系最重要的特征。资本流动的顺周期性极大地增加了新兴经济体宏观经济风险管理的复杂性,并对货币汇率体系和金融稳定产生了现实的影响。     

第三轮“资本流入潮”来袭:管制之后须平衡

国际金融学会(IIF)6月1日预测,2011年全球资本将有10410亿美元流向新兴经济体,2012年将达10560亿美元,中国是最大的国际资本净流入目的地,约占新兴经济体吸引资本总量的1/4。新兴经济体如何应对国际跨境资本流动?采取何种政策工具有效实施资本流动管制?中国采取何种平衡框架应对资本流动?     

短期国际资本流入规模重新放大

在全球金融危机的高潮期,短期国际资本出现由外围国家流向核心国家（尤其是美国）的趋势。中国也不例外,2008年第4季度与2009年第1季度,中国出现显著的短期国际资本流出。然而,自全球金融市场触底反弹、投资者风险偏好由弱转强之后,在全球定量宽松政策推动的新一轮流动性过剩的背景下,新兴市场国家重新面临新一轮的短期国际资本流入。根据我们的计算,     

发展中国家如何利用资本管制限制资本过度流入？

在资本流入冲击比较严重的情况下，许多国家都通过资本管制来限制国际资本的过度流入。     

矛新与兴盾市︰场短国期家资的本资流本入控冲制击与

世界经济复苏及各国货币政策的双重不同步加剧了当前全球范围内的资本流动,尤其是对新兴市场国家造成了严重冲击。为应对境外短期资本的大规模涌入,新兴市场国家被迫采取了各种临时性资本控制措施。本文在文献和历史回顾的基础上,结合现实因素,对短期资本流动趋势及新兴市场国家实行资本控制的动机、手段及有效性进行了分析,并针对中国提出了对策建议。     

发展中国家资本流入管理:资本流入征税的模型分析

20世纪90年代发展中国家的金融危机,特别是1997年的东亚金融危机,使各国重新认识资本流入对一国宏观经济的冲击。在资本流入管理的实践中,拉美和亚洲的一些国家采取了对居民和非居民之间金融资产的转移征税的措施。本文建立了一个开放的小国模型,对资本流入征收利息税的实施效果进行了定量分析。     

Capital Inflows Problem in Selected Asian Economies in the 1990s Revisited: The Role of Monetary Sterilization*

This paper develops a simple model to examine the reasons behind the capital inflow surges into selected Asian economies in the 1990s prior to the financial crisis of 1997–98. The analytical model shows that persistent uncovered interest differentials and consequent capital inflows may be a result of complete monetary sterilization, perfect capital mobility, sluggish response of interest rates to domestic monetary disequilibrium, or some combination of all three. Using the model as an organizing framework, the paper undertakes a series of related simple empirical tests of the dynamic links between international capital flows, the extent to which they are sterilized and uncovered interest rate differentials in the five crisis‐hit economies (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) over the period 1990:1–1997:5.     

Exchange Rate Policy and Currency Substitution: The Case of Africa's Emerging Economies

This paper examines the dynamic of currency substitution (CS) in Egypt and South Africa. The study also assesses the causal relationships of this phenomenon. There are three main CS‐related differences between the two countries. These are (1) the orientation of economic policy, (2) the degree and level of CS, and (3) the trend of CS. During the study period 1991‐2001, Egypt used the exchange rate as an anchor to its economic programme. While in the case of South Africa, the authorities directly targeted inflation. During this period, CS in Egypt started at a substantial level and experienced a steady decline. Conversely, CS in South Africa started at an insignificant level, but observed an uninterrupted increase. The results suggest that the elasticity of CS, with respect to exchange rate, of South Africa is 2.3 times that of Egypt, and that the speed of adjustment in South Africa is 5 times faster than in Egypt. Granger‐causality tests indicate a unidirectional relationship from the exchange rate to CS, in both Egypt and South Africa. The test for the interest rate differential and CS indicate that causality runs from the former to the latter in South Africa, but it runs in the opposite direction in Egypt. The study suggests that despite the cost of the exchange rate anchoring policy, it is more suitable to a high CS environment. Inflation targeting policy can be effective in achieving its objective as long as the CS is insignificant.     

中国引资是否影响了其他地区——对东亚主要经济体的考察

本文借助动态面板数据方法,分析了中国引资规模的扩大对东亚主要经济体外资流入规模的影响。对全体样本的考察显示,中国确实对东亚主要经济体的外资流入总量产生了转移效应,但若是剔除香港地区,中国因素则转变为积极影响。我们认为,出现这一结果的原因与香港地区流入外资的"过境投资"的特殊性质有关。深入的分析表明,由于地区异质性的存在,中国因素对于各经济体的具体影响存在较大差异。     

Dilemma of the Silver Standard Economies: The Case of China

Exchange rate commitments implied in the silver standard originally anchored China's monetary policy and the inflation rate in the early republican period. It was believed that China's free silver standard acted as a natural check on the excessive issuing of notes by warlords and local governments. This consensus view, however, overlooks the fact that the silver standard was inherently unstable because it left no room for monetary policy to stabilize output and inflation. This article employs a formal structural model to show that a fiat currency unlinked to fluctuations in the price of silver that allows government to implement self‐adjusting monetary policies would further stabilize China's output and inflation.     

新兴经济体自由贸易协定(FTA)战略的贸易促进效应研究——以印度为例

当前以金砖国家为代表的新兴经济体发展迅速,而其中印度经济表现尤为强劲。文章运用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID),对印度FTA战略的出口促进效应进行了评估,并以此分析新兴经济体FTA战略的贸易促进效应。结果显示:印度的FTA战略使印度的出口增长了50%~60%;共同洲际及共同殖民地因素对印度的出口具有明显的促进效应;涉及到单个FTA伙伴的出口促进效应时,显著性并不稳定;FTA战略对出口的影响存在滞后效应。这一研究结论对新兴经济体,尤其是中国的经济发展提供了可资借鉴的宝贵经验。     

资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响研究——来自新兴经济体的经验证据

资本账户开放对一国宏观经济至关重要。文章总结了资本账户开放影响商业银行风险的财富与估值效应、周期效应、道德风险效应和竞争效应,利用2011-2017年期间22个新兴经济体111家商业银行的微观数据,构建动态面板广义矩估计(GMM)模型实证检验了资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响,并且进行了异质性检验。实证结果显示:(1)资本账户开放与商业银行风险呈正U型关系。(2)资本越雄厚、规模越大的商业银行抵抗资本账户开放影响的能力越强。为避免银行体系风险的过度积累,政府应考虑银行业资本充足情况与宏观经济情况,不断探索宏观审慎工具,合理安排资本账户开放程度。     

Unintended Consequences of Well-Intentioned Policies of South Korea: Lessons for Emerging Economies on Capital Market Liberalisation

While South Korea has achieved remarkable economic and democratic transformation during the past decades, it has suffered from two major economic crises, both of which are essentially liquidity crises. In this regard, the purpose of this study is twofold: one is to review the debates on capital market liberalisation and highlight the dark sides of South Korea’s experience. The other is to explain why South Korea has experienced another crisis in 2008 even though it already experienced the same liquidity crisis in 1997. We highlight the unintended consequences of policies with their own legitimate purposes and provide lessons on capital market liberalisation for emerging economies.     

Foreign Capital Flows,Uncertainties of Exchange Rates and Central Bank Independence: Implications for Emerging Economies

Utilizing time series data for a panel of 22 emerging countries and applying Granger causality tests, this paper extends the relationship between central bank independence (CBI) and uncertainties of inflation by including the phenomena of exchange rates and foreign capital flows. There are two specific objectives of this investigation. The first objective is to see whether uncertainty of inflation induces volatility of exchange rates, and vice versa, under differing degrees of CBI. The second objective is to explore whether the dynamics of the former relationship influence foreign capital flows in turn and, if so, whether the extent of CBI plays any role in shaping that influence. The period of study spans the years 1968 through 2013. Conditional variances for inflation and exchange rates define proxies for uncertainties of inflation and exchange rates in the empirical analysis. Additionally, annual inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) provide measures for foreign capital flows in the analysis. Results of causality tests for high and low CBI country subgroups show interesting differences. For the high CBI countries, uncertainty of inflation and uncertainty of exchange rates do not share any causal relationship whatsoever between them. However, a weak link runs from FDI to uncertainties of inflation in the long run. This may be indicative of the disciplined monetary policy and tamed inflation in these countries. Contrastingly, for the low CBI countries, there is strong evidence of causal links running from uncertainties of inflation to uncertainties of exchange rates on the one hand and to FDI flows on the other. In addition, there is indication of a bi-directional causal link between FDI flows and exchange rates for these countries.