雅砻江流域梯级水电站粉煤灰供应管理研究

为科学应对雅砻江流域在建工程建设高峰期对粉煤灰的供应需求,在充分研究目前国内大型水电工程粉煤灰供应管理工作基础上,结合雅砻江流域在建工程粉煤灰供应管理实践,对供应商管理、粉煤灰供应链管理、质量管理体系建设、风险管理等方面进行了系统梳理,建立了针对流域化、多项目工程管理模式下粉煤灰供应管理的方式,为未来雅砻江流域后续项目粉煤灰供应管理提供理论依据和支持,并可为其他水电工程建设中物资供应管理提供借鉴和参考。     

我国流域综合开发与治理的总体评价

一、流域开发与治理的主要成就1.从江河的综合开发与治理来看。首先,建国以来修建了各种蓄水工程,有效地调控了江河水量,为防洪和兴利创造了有利条件。据统计,7大江河共兴建大中型水库7万多座,总库容3000多亿m~3。其中大中型水库近2000座,总库容2760多亿m~3。这些水利枢纽灌溉土地3800多万公顷,提供水电装机1200多万kw,从而促进了工农业和流域经济的发展。尤其是一些大中型水利枢纽多具有防洪、发电、灌溉、城市与工业供水、水产养殖和水运等综合利用效益,这些工程的建成对流域工农业的发展和人民生活水平的提高发挥了巨     

跨流域引调水工程供水效益量化分析

跨流域引调水工程是解决水资源时空分布不均、社会水需求不均衡最有效措施。根据跨流域引调水工程涉及不同流域、功能综合、结构复杂、相互交叉的特点,提出了对跨流域引调水工程的供水效益进行量化分析的方法,根据供水结构,基于效益分摊的思想分别对生活供水效益、“三产”供水效益进行量化计算,其中第一产业水产养殖效益采用增加收益法计算。以浙东引水工程为例,具体分析计算了2017年浙东引水工程给工程沿线地区居民生活、“三产”等方面带来的经济效益。计算结果表明,该量化方法能够较好地应用于实际跨流域引调水工程的供水效益计算,且结果较以往单一计算方法更为合理,贴近实际。     

金沟河流域和谐发展需协调的关系

为实现金沟河流域和谐发展目标,从外部环境和内部条件两个角度,分析了金沟河流域存在产权关系不清晰、流域管理与行政区域管理界定不清、水资源管理部门分散三大弊端,以及硬件建设缺失和软件服务不到位等主要问题,提出金沟河流域和谐发展的思路:在流域和谐发展方面进行有益的尝试,协调好流域长期发展与近期建设、水量调度与灌区灌溉、水资源优化配置与节水改造、地表水与地下水、流域管理与区域管理和水资源公益性与商品性等关系。     

基于共生理论的流域经济协同发展分析——以南水北调工程河南段为例

基于共生理论,探讨流域经济体协同发展的运行机制。以南水北调工程河南段为例,分析了流域系统的协同和共赢。结果表明,随着南水北调工程项目的逐步推进,系统内部发展单元间的经济关联度不断增强,各个城市间联系方向逐渐跨越了地理空间的限制,不断延伸,经济联系总量也不断增加,但不同等级城市间缺乏有效的衔接和分工,协同发展动力不足;指出建立跨区域合作的协作互动关系是实现流域经济体协同发展的有效途径。     

2000年滇池流域水污染的综合治理

2000年滇池流域水污染综合治理实施了一系列工程,取得了一定成效。但由于滇池流域自身水环境问题,以及治理过程中出现了对其治理的复杂性与长期性认识不足、重视有形工程、忽视管理、治理资金渠道单一、“多龙治水”协调机制差等问题,针对存在的问题,本文剖析其原因,并提出若干建议及对策。     

山西桑干河水资源管理及可持续利用研究

介绍桑干河的自然环境、经济及流域生态环境现状,分析桑干河生态环境恶化的原因,提出了实现桑干河水资源可持续利用的对策：从组织层面上建立桑干河流域管理机构,使流域资源得到合理利用;从技术层面上采取各种措施促进桑干河水资源可持续利用,如工程方面实现由工程水利向资源水利转变;法律层面上实现依法治水;经济层面上,建立合理供水价格机制,建立多渠道、多层次的资金筹集办法,实现桑干河水资源优化配置和可持续利用;环境层面上,采取措施保护水质,防治水污染,改善桑干河流域的水环境和生态环境等。     

国内外跨流域调水工程管理体制分析

跨流域调水是解决水资源自然配置与地区社会经济生展不平衡的矛盾的有效途径．研究国内外跨流域调水工程管理体制对我国已建和规划中的大型调水工程的管理极具借鉴意义．文章对我国江水北调、引黄济青、引滦入津工程及美国、法国、澳大利亚等国跨流域调水工程管理体制进行了分析，并总结了跨流域调水工程管理的基本经验．     

从长江黄河水资源的分布与利用探讨南水北调西线工程的必要性

南水北调西线工程。是从长江上游引水至黄河上游,解决黄河水资源不足和西北、华北干旱缺水的重大战略措施。本文从两大流域的水资源分布、特征、利用等方面探讨了南水北调西线工程的必要性及合理性,以及跨流域调水后两大水系的利弊得失。从而论证了从长江上游调水至黄河上游是以“有余”济“不足”,是非常必要与合理的     

流域管理发展动态及其所研究的关键问题

流域管理在欧美开展的比较成熟,成立了各种形式的流域管理委员会及跨国的流域管理机构;我国对流域管理研究的比较早,取得了一定的成绩,但也存在许多失误;流域管理应研究的关键科学问题主要包括流域健康评价及指标体系的研究、流域水文管理模拟、洪灾管理模拟生态修复工程效益模型及可持续发展研究、数字流域研究及流域社会经济可持续管理研究、水资源的开发利用及整个流域经济发展的总体规划、以流域为单元的水资源的综合开发和综合利用问题、流域水资源污染问题、跨流域调水问题及流域管理的组织结构问题。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.