Edge versus center: finding common ground in the capitalization debate

A continuing debate questions whether capitalization of taxes and public services into house price occurs. The current study argues for an inverse relationship between housing supply elasticity and capitalization rates. A sample is split into houses on the interior and edge of the urban area. Capitalization of schooling and crime occurs everywhere, but it is weaker toward the edge of an urban area where housing supply elasticities and developer activity are greater. Tax results are less robust, but the capitalization rates of crime and school quality are roughly twice as strong on the interior than on the urban fringe.     

Central government subsidies to local public goods

We examine the welfare effects of a central government's subsidy for a local public good in a Nash equilibrium model with two types of public goods. We first show that the welfare effect depends on the substitution and evaluation effects. We also investigate the optimal subsidy rate in a second-best framework and explore how the optimal subsidy scheme depends on the relative evaluation of the two types of public goods. Received: August 20, 1998/accepted: February 12, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" We are grateful to John Quigley, Minoru Kunisaki, Tom Panella, Andy Haughwout, Steven Craig, William Hoyt, Michael Ash, Konrad Stahl, Amihai Glazer, David Wildasin and two referees for helpful comments and suggestions, An early version of this paper was presented at a seminar at University of California, Berkeley and at conferences at JAEE Annual Meeting in Japan, North American Meetings of The RSAI in Washington, WSAI conference in Hawaii, Public Choice Meeting in San Francisco.     

城市公共服务的三个基本问题

采用规范分析的方法,借鉴传统经济学相关理论,得出三个结论:其一,城市公共服务领域应提倡为平民服务;其二,服务内容应根据城市具体条件和市民公共服务需求来确定;其三,城市政府应致力于为市民提供无缝隙的、市民满意的公共服务.     

公共管理社会化与公共服务市场化--美国政府再造对珠海市城市管理制度创新的启示

文章认为公共管理社会化与公共服务市场化是美国“政府再造”的重要政策工具。在分析美国地方政府推行公共管理社会化和公共服务市场化经验教训以及珠海城市管理面临问题基础上 ,提出珠海城市管理体制创新的具体策略 ,包括 (1)推动非政府、非营利组织发展 ;(2 )大力推进社区建设 ;(3)完善“两级政府、三级管理”的城市管理体系 ;(4)全面开展公共服务市场化改革 ;(5 )吸引非国有资本参与基础设施建设 (6 )建立科学的政府绩效评估制度。     

Efficient inequality: differential allocation in the local public sector

This paper examines the consequences for social efficiency if the locally provided public input can be differentially allocated among residents. We derive the distributional efficiency condition, which is the distribution of public inputs that maximizes within-city gains from trade. Differential allocation also causes modifications to the standard (Samuelsonian) allocative efficiency condition. Additionally, we explore the consequences of differential allocation for the median voter model. Standard empirical voter models are seriously flawed because they fail to distinguish final public output production from either individual demand or the distribution of publicly provided inputs. Finally, we derive the club sharing efficiency condition.     

The effect of spillovers on the provision of local public goods

This paper analyzes the provision of local public goods with positive spillovers across jurisdictions. If spillovers are symmetric, the non-cooperative game played by jurisdictions admits a unique equilibrium, and an increase in spillovers reduces the total provision of public goods. Smaller jurisdictions always reduce their contribution, but larger jurisdictions can increase their contribution. When spillovers are asymmetric, equilibrium is unique if spillovers are low, while multiple equilibria exist for high spillover values. In the case of two jurisdictions, an increase in the flow of spillovers to one jurisdiction benefits agents from that jurisdiction but harms agents in the other jurisdiction. Beyond the case of two jurisdictions, the effect of changes in spillovers cannot be signed. An increase in the spillovers flowing to a jurisdiction can actually result in an increase in the supply of public goods by that jurisdiction and harm agents residing in it, while benefiting agents in the other jurisdictions. The results of the paper reveal the complexity of interactions that will plague the design of institutions for multijurisdictional local public good economies with spillovers.      

公共服务对城市居民幸福感的影响

利用2005年和2015年中国社会综合调查(CGSS)数据,分析了公共服务对城市居民幸福感的影响。结果显示:公共服务对城市居民的幸福感有显著的正向影响,且其影响随时间的推移而增强。其中,社会保障类公共服务的正面作用相对更加明显。公共服务产生幸福增进效应的可能渠道包括机会均等性的提高、居民社会经济状况的改善,以及居民生活环境的优化。     

以政府为主导提供节事活动旅游公共服务

旅游节事活动作为旅游业的重要组成部分日益显示出对举办地经济社会发展的促进作用.国内重大节事活动成功的旅游公共服务案例给我们提供了许多经验启示.为促进旅游节事活动的健康可持续发展,政府应切实做好节事活动的旅游公共服务工作.     

城乡公共服务一体化的价值导向与制度构建

城乡公共服务一体化是和谐社会建设和城乡统筹发展的内在要求,其核心内容和首要价值导向是维护社会正义、实现社会公平。我国既往的城乡公共服务有失公允,国家包揽了城市所有的公共服务,农村公共服务却要农民自己承担。因此,城乡公共服务一体化的构建,一要纠正农村公共服务的不公正制度安排,二要制定具体的惠及农村社会的措施,并最终消除农村公共服务的盲区和灰色地带。     

城乡一体化公共服务体制构建的实践及问题——以上海市北蔡镇为例

城乡一体化公共服务体制建设是统筹城乡一体化发展的关键环节,北蔡镇是浦东城市化进程较快的地区之一。2005年以来,浦东新区北蔡镇政府围绕城乡统筹发展,着力转变政府职能,加强公共服务体制建设,力图改变北蔡镇城乡二元经济与社会结构。目前,北蔡镇仍处于乡镇向城市、城区转变的过程之中,北蔡镇转变政府职能、加强公共服务体制建设还处于转型过程之中。北蔡镇政府针对城乡一体化公共服务体制建设面临的一些突出问题,以综合配套改革为动力,以建设社会网格化管理平台为抓手,在转变政府职能,推进公共服务体制建设的过程中,进行了有益的探索和实践。     

Demographic shift, relative costs and the allocation of local public consumption in Norway

Local government responses to shifting demand and supply conditions are investigated. The desired allocation of local public consumption is determined in a voter group decision model where different age groups compete for services within an exogenous budget constraint. The model is implemented in an AIDS demand system built into a partial adjustment framework. The estimates indicate that the dramatic shift in the age composition of the population from the young to the elderly during the period studied has led to higher educational spending per pupil and less health care services per elderly. Age groups in decline are able to resist reallocations and gain in terms of spending per head.     

公共就业服务中存在的问题及其解决方略

以公共就业服务中对失业人员就业与再就业的促进为主题进行了调查研究,着眼和立足于该过程中所呈现的现实问题与多种困惑,从公共就业服务视角努力寻求鼓励与促进失业人员就业与再就业的有效措施。就公共就业服务的四种职能,通过满意度调查和相关年鉴数据的分析,以及相关工作人员的访谈,探究了目前公共就业服务对失业人员就业与再就业的促进作用。针对公共就业服务现状及鼓励失业人员就业与再就业的现实性和有效性,提出了具有可行性的就业与再就业促进措施及改善建议。     

The ideal source of local public revenue

Free or underpriced curb parking creates a classic commons problem. Studies have found that between 8% and 74% of cars in congested traffic were cruising in search of curb parking, and that the average time to find a curb space ranged between 3 and 14 min. Cities can eliminate the economic incentive to cruise by charging market-clearing prices for curb parking spaces. Market-priced curb parking can yield between 5% and 8% of the total land rent in a city, and in some neighborhoods can yield more revenue than the property tax.     

西方公用行业管制模式演变历程及启示

着重分析了西方公用事业行业管制模式的演变,并从中得出对我国市政公用事业行业改革的若干启示:公用行业市场化改革应与城镇化相匹配;公用事业的市场化改革必须以产权改革为核心;政府管制是为了弥补市场的不足和市场失效;因地制宜,推进不同类型公用企业的市场化改革;产权转让和特许经营权的确定必须通过公开的市场交易;要建立管制加激励的新机制;设计改革方案要注意规模经济和竞争活力兼顾.     

Price and quantity competition among heterogeneous suppliers with two-part pricing: applications to clubs, local public goods, networks, and growth controls

Models of club goods, local public goods, and growth controls appear to have theoretical structures distinct from usual oligopoly models. This article shows, however, that they are special cases of a generalized oligopoly model that incorporates the possibility of two-part pricing and externalities between consumers (either congestion or network externalities). Our generalized two-part pricing model not only serves as a synthesis of a wide range of models but also allows us to obtain several new results on equilibrium prices. Another advantage of our model is that it can be interpreted as a reduced form of more complicated models that have spatial structures. This facilitates extension to the case where firms are heterogeneous and the number of firms is arbitrary.     

建立地方公债制度的探讨

地方公债是政府公债体系的重要组成部分 ,在中国逐步推行地方政府公债制度是完善分税制、全面落实地方政府应有财权的客观需要 ,是强化财政职能、缓解各级政府财政困境的必然选择 ,是统一政府债权、强化债务管理、防范政府债务危机的现实要求 ,有限度、有选择地发行地方公债的条件完全具备 ,并对地方政府公债发行的选择性和限定性及可控性作了探讨。     

The potential of a multi-mode data collection design to reduce non response bias. The case of a survey of employers

The aim of the paper is to compare two alternative survey designs in terms of resultant response rates, non response bias and cost. The first design is a simple postal survey with follow-up mailings; the second design is a two-phase multi-mode design, where the postal survey is followed at the second phase by a telephone survey of non-respondents. We present a case study based on a survey of employers. In this study we find evidence that the sample obtained using only postal methods is biased in important respects. Bias is not apparent in the demographic characteristics of the employees. But bias is observed in some of the employees’ employment characteristics and some of the characteristics of the firms in which they work. The multi mode design seems, overall, to have reduced or removed the bias of the postal sample. Only in marginal respects was some further bias introduced. We also compare costs of the two designs, to enable a comparison of cost-effectiveness at bias reduction.     

Charging for public services: the case of utilities in Norwegian local governments

This paper empirically analyzes the determinants of utility charges using a panel data set for a sample of Norwegian local governments. There is strong evidence of revenue substitution in the sense that local governments increase their utility charges when other sources of revenue (lump-sum grants and regulated tax revenue) become more restricted. Moreover, local political institutions are shown to be important: a high share of socialist representatives in the local council leads to high utility charges, whereas a strong political leadership is able to keep utility charges low.     

公共服务等值化建设与农民工——核心制度与推进路径

户籍制度及其衍生的配套政策造成了农民工不能享有与市民同等的公共服务。然而,由于积淀在户籍制度上的次生制度太多,有的已固化为社会现实,当前取消户籍制度的社会和经济成本太高,且对农民工公共服务等值化建设无实质性利好。农民工最大的问题是无力应对市场和城市生活风险,这是他们能否长期留在城市和实现市民化的关键。就此而言,农民工公共服务等值化建设的着力点并非户籍制度改革,而在于建立和完善其保障制度。