Trade in Services in the Asia-Pacific Region

After a discussion of definitional issues, such as the distinction between sales of services from the home base and from offshore establishments, the article surveys the literature on various policy issues in relation to trade in services, including those associated with the incorporation of services in the GATT, as well as others concerned with particular sectors. The article documents from the literature that developing countries can be internationally competitive suppliers of many services, which suggests that they stand to gain from a more liberal service trade regime.     

Water Resources in the Asia-Pacific Region: Managing Scarcity

Irrigation, together with improved crop varieties and substantial growth in fertiliser use in the late 1960s through the early 1980s, was a key factor in stimulating strong agricultural growth in much of the Asia-Pacific region. New sources of water are increasingly expensive to exploit, but irrigation continues to be a major catalyst for agricultural growth. In the face of increasing degradation, the maintenance of the water resource base must be a high priority policy objective. This paper reviews the management of water resources in the Asia-Pacific region, for countries with significant irrigated area: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea-DPR, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.     

金融管制、外部治理环境和企业债务工具的选择

我国企业债务融资是决定向银行贷款还是发行企业债券?其选择到底受何种因素影响,是企业自身特性决定、还是适应债务契约治理机制的需要,抑或是受制于我国现实的法律等外部制度和金融管制?本文从企业特征、债务契约属性、外部制度环境和金融管制四个层面实证分析了企业债务工具的选择,解释了我国企业债务融资选择的内部治理机制和外部治理环境.我国金融监管部门对企业债券和银行贷款的管制强弱造成地方政府对企业债务选择的干预程度高低,最终导致了各地企业在面临不同的债务融资环境的理性选择.金融管制和行政干预成为法律等正式外部制度的替代机制.     

R&D Subsidies,Spillovers, and Privatization in Mixed Markets

We examine the use of subsidies to research and development (R&D) in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers, but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production; however, it does not lead to the equalization of per firm output and therefore to an efficient distribution of production costs. We also find that privatization of the public firm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided.     

亚太地区经济合作一体化模式探讨--从非机制化转向机制化研究

2008年的全球性金融危机和随后出现的经济衰退打断了20世纪90年代开始的第二波经济全球化的高潮,出现了逆全球化,甚至在某些区域出现了逆区域化的现象。这些现象大大提高了全球经济恢复和增长的不确定性。在亚太地区,美国总统特朗普上任后迅速退出跨太平洋合作伙伴关系协议(TPP),给该地区的经济合作带来冲击,逆全球化在亚太地区有蔓延的趋向。幸运的是,亚太地区"抱团取暖"的愿望非常迫切,激励了该地区区域经济合作一体化的进一步加强。在模式上,表现为由非机制化向机制化一体化升级。它将成为各国建立一个没有美国参加的国际贸易投资新秩序的新探索、新战略。     

Privatization and the private sector

From the perspective of someone who has observed the private and public sectors in emerging economies for many years, it is interesting to recall that in the past it was the World Bank that supported the development of state-owned utilities and industrial enterprises in developing countries, especially Latin America. It is also in Latin America that the World Bank became a convert to and promoter of privatization. A key lesson of privatization in emerging markets is the importance of competition, not only in the sale process but in the subsequent operation of privatized enterprises. Protective devices, such as core shareholders and areas off-limits to foreign investors, are counterproductive. Privatization has spawned a new generation of entrepreneurs and been especially beneficial to the development of domestic capital markets.     

基础设施行业改革：管制政策与公司治理

为了提升基础设施行业的经营绩效，增加投资，不仅需要借鉴产业组织理论的有关成果以构建可竞争市场、制定科学的管制政策，也需要考虑基础设施行业的实际特点，在公司治理机制上有所调整。与此同时，管制政策也能够对公司治理机制产生影响，两个方面需要综合考虑、协调运用。     

Mixed Oligopoly,Privatization, and Strategic Trade Policy

This paper investigates the effects of privatization in the presence of strategic trade policies within an international mixed oligopoly serving a single market. If the government uses a domestic production subsidy, then welfare is always increased with privatization, while the optimal subsidy falls. If the government uses an import tariff, privatization increases welfare over much of the parameter space. The optimal tariff, however, may rise or fall.     

Privatization,Foreign Acquisition and the Motives for FDI in Eastern Europe

The paper examines the motives for FDI in Eastern Europe by analysing foreign entry by acquisition facilitated by privatization programmes. Firm-level characteristics encouraging entry through their effect on expected profits, as well as industry level determinants are considered. The data are drawn from the list of the 500 largest companies in Polish manufacturing and span privatizations between 1993 and 1998. The results point to market-seeking rather than resource-seeking motives behind the location decisions of foreign investors. JEL no.  F23, L33, P31     

Privatization, Incentive Delegation and Foreign Direct Investment

Despite the empirical relevance, the privatization literature paid little attention to the effects of the owner-manager relationship and the implications of foreign direct investment (FDI). We focus on these aspects, and show the relationship between privatization and greenfield FDI when the owners design strategic managerial incentive contracts. We show that there is complementarity between privatization and greenfield FDI. Whether incentive delegation (compared to no incentive delegation) increases the degree of privatization in the presence of FDI is ambiguous; it depends on whether the degree of privatization that attracts FDI is higher or lower than the degree of privatization that maximizes domestic welfare under FDI.     

Editorial: Trade,growth and economic inequality in the Asia-Pacific region

This editorial provides a brief summary of the results of our research project entitled “Trade, Growth and Economic Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region”, which explores and documents the linkages between international trade and inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region. The project’s eleven research papers find some evidence that trade or FDI contribute to inequality, some evidence that it reduces inequality and some evidence of no causal relationship. These seemingly conflicting results are not at all surprising given the complex relationships involved and the different countries, time periods, and means of measuring inequality, trade and FDI our authors adopted.     

德国邮政探索私有化和全球化

作为一项重要改革措施,德国邮政部门目前正在探索以更快的速度向私有化和全球化方向发展.     

Privatization in China's industry

This paper adopts property rights and organization theory perspectives to analyze the process of privatization of state enterprises and performance of newly created shareholding corporations in China. Relying on case study information, the paper concludes that although the shareholding corporations have contributed, to a certain extent, to better performance, their potentials have not been fully realized due to various economic environmental and ideological constraints.     

Privatization in Eastern Europe

This paper considers the process of transition from state owned enterprises to the market situation. It also presents a model of transition. In particular, it analyzes various systems of carrying out privatization, such as the voucher system, self-management of enterprises, spontaneous privatization, creation of financial intermediaries, and public organizations. The second part of the paper deals with the effects of privatization on the public budget.