eTourism in China: A Review of the Chinese-Language Literature

In view of the rapid development of eTourism in mainland China (hereafter known as China) and the resulting proliferation of academic research in this area, this study reviews 1,153 articles published in the Chinese-language literature, relating to the topic and published in the past 17 years. Using a content analysis approach and drawing on a wide variety of sources, including articles in scholarly journals, conference proceedings, and postgraduate dissertations, this study analyzes research trends and authors' contributions to the Chinese eTourism literature. Moreover, it critically reviews and discusses the limitations of the analyzed articles, and suggests directions for future research. These findings contribute to a better understanding of what researchers have previously done on China's eTourism research in the Chinese-language literature over the past 17 years.     

The main paths of eTourism: trends of managing tourism through Internet

Drawing from the tourism and hospitality literature, this paper highlights the main research trajectories and themes in the context of eTourism. We use main path analysis to investigate the development trend of the synergistic relationship between innovative tourism applications and the new technologies. Further, the literature is classified into six groups through discovering the coherence structure in a citation network. The analyses show that research on websites, blogs, and social media on tourism is experiencing accelerated growth, which hints that there is a pendulum shift whereby the information and negotiation power asymmetry between the supply and demand sides are moving from provider-centric to consumer-centric. This study also elucidates the associated market disintermediation phenomenon and long tail effects on the distribution of destinations.     

中国旅游经济增长动态路径的阶段性变迁识别——基于马尔科夫区制转移模型的实证分析

文章基于我国国内和国际旅游收入年度数据,在分别对其总量和增长率序列进行定量探讨后,运用双阶段马尔科夫区制转移模型,对我国旅游经济增长动态过程进行阶段性变迁识别和转移分析。结论表明：（1）随着时间的推移,国内和国际旅游收入均大体呈不断攀升的态势,国内旅游收入增长率呈U形变化,而国际旅游收入增长率呈周期性变化特征。（2）国内（国际）旅游收入维系快速（低速）增长的可能性要强于其保持低速（快速）增长的可能性,国内（国际）旅游收入维系快速（低速）增长的可能性要强于国际（国内）旅游收入。（3）无论是国内旅游收入还是国际旅游收入,当其增长率较高时,通常都会存在潜在的较大不确定性,当其增长率较低时,所面临风险冲击的可能性也较小,国际旅游收入快速（低速）增长时的波动性显著强于国内旅游收入快速（低速）增长时的波动性。（4）从近年来的发展趋势看,国内旅游收入增长率仍然具有持续攀升的强劲势头,同时也将会伴随较大的波动性,国际旅游收入增长率维持平缓低位推进的可能性较大,与此相对应的波动性较小。     

中国旅游产业结构变迁对旅游经济增长的影响

文章从产业结构合理化和高级化两个维度考察了中国旅游产业结构变迁的特征,通过构建计量模型分析了旅游产业结构变迁对中国旅游经济增长的影响,并验证了该影响的可靠性。结果表明:(1)整体看我国旅游产业结构的高级化程度在提升、合理化程度在波动中下降,但区域差异明显;(2)旅游产业结构变迁对我国旅游经济增长的影响具有区域普遍性和持久性,但影响力在下降;(3)旅游产业结构变迁对旅游经济增长影响力的大小具有时段性特征,但比较而言,旅游产业结构合理化是推动旅游经济增长的基础性动力。针对上述结论,文章进一步讨论了其成因并提出了相关建议。     

Tourism product development and the changing consumer demand: A case study of Kenya

Kenya is an important tourist destination in Africa accounting for over 6% of the total international tourist arrivals to the continent. However, in recent years Kenya's tourism industry has been experiencing problems of poor performance and continuing decline in the number of international tourist arrivals. This study examines the main characteristics of the country's tourism product vis‐a‐vis the changing trends in global tourism market demands. It is argued that the underlying cause of the recent poor performance of the tourism industry relates to the nature of the country's tourism product. Over the years, Kenya has been offering a limited tourism product that is based on beach and wildlife tourism. Also, the marketing of Kenya mainly depends on overseas tour operators who mainly sell inclusive tour packages. Thus, the form of tourism product that is offered by Kenya has not responded to the recent changes and trends in international tourism market demands. Post‐modern tourists, particularly tourists from developed countries, are increasing becoming aware of the negative impacts of mass tourism and are increasingly looking for alternative tourism products that provide a deeper and more meaningful experience. Thus, if Kenya is to rejuvenate its tourism industry there is need for the country to provide a diverse alternative tourism product which is more appealing to the post‐modern tourists.     

事件对举办地的旅游形象影响与提升战略研究综述

旅游视角下的事件影响研究越来越引起关注.本文在检索EBSCO host、Elsevier Science direct、Ingenta select等数据库的基础上,将近十年来此方面的研究按事件前后旅游形象感知的变化、媒介的影响与整合营销、事件的网络合作、旅游吸引物与事件要素的捆绑四方面进行综述,发现此方面的研究是不系统的、零碎的,缺少循序渐进的研究;事件对旅游形象的提升受旅游者及事件自身特征等复杂因素的影响,但各利益相关者的沟通合作、事件与举办地形象建设的整合捆绑、社区居民支持的积极作用得到认同,以期对即将在我国举办的系列大型事件的研究与组织起到一定的借鉴作用.     

中国旅游业发展的省区差异及变化

科学审视省区旅游业发展的差异,是实现中国旅游业科学发展的基本前提.文章通过选取国内旅游人数、入境旅游人数、国内旅游收入、旅游外汇收入、旅游总收入相当于GDP百分比、旅游业就业人数占社会总就业人数的百分比等表征旅游业发展水平的6大统计指标,运用多元统计分析方法,评估了中国2000年与2010年旅游化指数的省区差异,发现近10年来中国旅游业发展仍然呈现出显著的区域非均衡性,一些中西部后发优势的省区旅游化程度在明显上升.其中,区位与资源禀赋、经济发展水平、政府政策、基础设施、节庆事件等是导致各地旅游化程度差异及其变化的主导因素.     

Sustainability and visitor management in tourist historic cities: the case of Santiago de Compostela,Spain

Tourism has a leading role in heritage cities and this implies a major challenge. The overall objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of tourism planning and management with the view of achieving sustainable tourism in the historic center of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. The study addresses topics collected during a long research process of more than 10 years, such as strategic tourism plans, the implementation of quality management systems for tourism, the tourist supply and the regulation of flows. The results show a destination that has introduced alternatives to improve the tourism experience and diversify its offer beyond the Camino de Santiago. There is also growing concern in promoting the sustainability of the historic center. From our point of view, the strengthening of synergies between the different agents involved in the tourism sector of the city has been a key factor in dealing with this situation. However, in this sense, the main problem which is decongesting the tourist flows to the cathedral and its surroundings is still unresolved.     

Tourism,information technologies and sustainability: an exploratory review

ABSTRACT

Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the fundamental changes in the global tourism system related to the emergence of information technologies (IT), and, specifically, the rise of social media. Opportunities to search travel-related information, to reserve and book, evaluate and judge; to receive travel advice and to communicate one's mobility patterns have all profoundly changed the practices of performing tourism, with concomitant repercussions for the management and marketing of businesses and destinations. This paper provides a discussion of the implications of these changes for the sustainability of the global tourism system. Based on an exploratory research design, key changes in the tourism system are identified and discussed with regard to their environmental, socio-cultural and psychological, as well as economic significance. The paper concludes that IT affects the tourism system in numerous and complex ways, with mixed outcomes for sustainability: while most changes would currently appear to be ambivalent – and some outright negative – there is considerable potential for IT to support more sustainable tourism. Yet, this would require considerable changes in the tourism system on global, national and individual business' levels, and require tourism academics to probe many new issues.     

Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Theoretical Divide

Despite the significant attention paid by tourism academics and practitioners to sustainable tourism development in recent years, there has been a consistent failure within the tourism literature to relate the concept to the theory of its parental paradigm, sustainable development. As a result, the applicability of sustainable development to the specific context of tourism is rarely questioned. This paper addresses this omission in the literature. Reviewing development theory and the notion of sustainability, it proposes a model of sustainable development against which the principles of sustainable tourism are compared. It is argued that tourism development remains embedded in early modernisation theory whilst the principles of sustainable tourism over look the characteristics of the production and consumption of tourism. As a result, significant differences between the concepts of sustainable tourism and sustainable development are revealed, suggesting that the principles and objectives of sustainable development cannot be transposed onto the specific context of tourism.     

旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论

旅游伦理是近年来旅游研究关注的一个焦点。由于旅游伦理的研究尚处于起步阶段，旅游伦理概念尚未形成共识。本文在有关的旅游伦理研究文秩基础上，对旅游伦理的概念、旅游伦理的主体、基本问题和理论框架进行了初步讨论，目的在于提供一个初步旅游伦理概念和理论框架。旅游伦理是伦理学的应用学科，是关于旅游者和旅游利益相关者的道德学说；旅游伦理主体是旅游者和旅游利益相关者；旅游伦理的基本问题是关于旅游利益和旅游道德的关系问题；旅游伦理基本理论框架应包括旅游伦理意识、旅游伦理关系和旅游伦理实践。     

Fijian culture and the environment: a focus on the ecological and social interconnectedness of tourism development

Understanding the complex and adaptive nature of Pacific Island communities is a growing yet relatively unexplored area in the context of tourism development. Taking an ethnographic research approach, this study examines how over 40 years of tourism development have led to complex and multi-scale changes within an Indigenous Fijian village. The study establishes that tourism development has brought a range of ecological shifts that have, over time, spurred far-reaching changes within the embedded sociocultural constructs of the community. The development of the Naviti Resort, a water catchment dam, a causeway and a man-made island have created substantial changes in totemic associations, livelihood approaches, and traditional knowledge structures within Vatuolalai village. The emergence of internal adaptive cycles, and new behaviours, practices and values that redefine the cultural landscape will be discussed. This paper demonstrates the interconnectivity of nature, society and culture within Indigenous communal systems and asserts that ecological changes introduced in one part of a community stimulate complex, non-linear responses in other elements of the socio-ecological system of a Fijian village.     

Innovation and the future of Caribbean tourism

Caribbean tourism is plagued with problems such as high winter/summer hotel occupancy variability and the sensitivity of tourism to domestic political conditions. This article argues that the future of Caribbean tourism will increasingly depend upon its innovativeness — its capacity to anticipate and to respond creatively to changes taking place in the international tourism marketplace. The importance of innovation is evident in Jamaica's Super Club hotels. With their ‘all-inclusive’ innovation, Super Club's performance has far outstripped that of traditional multinational corporations-affiliated hotels. The case for innovation is argued using empirical data collected in 1985 for Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.     

结构方程模型之旅游研究近况——理性回顾、审视与反思

基于中国期刊全文数据库(CPFD)和外文期刊数据库Elsevier Science Direct Databases (ESDD)检索到的相关旅游论文,文章分析了学术期刊文献反映出的结构方程模型(SEM)的旅游相关研究与应用概况,对近期(指2008年至今)SEM在国内外旅游中的研究内容与重要发现进行了回顾,对该方面表现出的国内外差异进行了反思,并从方法论的视角对SEM近期在国内外旅游研究应用中显现出的问题进行了理性审视,以期明晰SEM的旅游研究概况,揭示其近期国内外应用现状及异同,为更加科学恰当的应用该方法提供基础的理论参考.     

Cultural and non-cultural tourism: Evidence from Italian experience

Cultural tourism is recognized as one of the main resources used to counteract seasonality in tourist destinations, being by its very nature non-seasonal. Moreover, according to the generally accepted stereotype, cultural tourists tend to be ageing and therefore more likely to travel also during the off-peak season than younger tourists. Our data show that international cultural tourism has increased in Italy during the last 15 years, but this increase has not contributed to reducing seasonality. We have conducted a statistical analysis of the data in an attempt to explore the possible reasons behind such an unexpected finding. By comparing foreign cultural and non-cultural tourists through several socio-economic-demographic variables, our results highlight the fact that a “new (and younger) cultural tourism” is emerging in Italy. Consequently, promoting cultural tourism is just one component for effectively counteracting seasonality. Nevertheless, promotion should also focus on the dual concept of “cultural tourism/ageing tourists”.     

Dimensions of adventure tourism

Academic interest in adventure tourism has increased in recent years given the exponential growth of this sector. Physical outdoor activity-based conceptualisations of adventure tourism - from soft adventure (hiking, snorkelling, etc.) to hard adventure (rock climbing, wilderness trekking, etc.) – are commonly employed, but are criticised as overly simplistic and failing to capture the essence of adventure tourism. A systematic review of the adventure tourism literature aimed to address these concerns and resulted in a new conceptualisation of adventure tourism and its dimensions that offers a more comprehensive and sophisticated understanding of this tourism activity. Of the 22 dimensions of adventure tourism identified, risk and danger, the natural environment, thrill and excitement, challenge, and physical activity are at its core. Consumer-based, product-based and hybrid pillars of adventure tourism are also evident. Theoretical anchors to differentiate adventure tourism from other forms of tourism are presented.     

基于三维分类法的旅游信息分类体系与编码初探

随着国民收入的增长、消费理念的转变以及闲暇时间的增多,旅游业飞速发展,逐渐成为国家战略性支柱产业,为其提供理论、技术、信息支撑的旅游信息科学呼之欲出。进行旅游信息分类体系与编码研究是旅游信息科学理论的重要研究内容,同时为旅游管理、规划决策、旅游信息平台搭建提供技术与信息支持。文章基于旅游三体、旅游六要素、需求层次、协同、可持续发展和信息组织六大理论,结合目前旅游业与相关产业融合发展态势,全面系统地提取了各类旅游信息;采用时间、空间、属性三维分类方法,建立了旅游信息三维立体分类模型,构建了旅游信息五级分类体系基本框架;应用“空间维＋时间维＋属性维”信息编码结构,确定了旅游信息编码的3段37位代码;通过陕西省旅游信息管理数据库系统的实践验证,旅游信息分类体系和编码系统性强,完整性高,操作便捷,可为旅游信息科学的理论研究及实践应用提供借鉴。     

China's outbound tourism – Stages,policies and choices

China's outbound tourism has developed rapidly in recent years. This development has been accompanied by a continuous and expanding deficit in the tourism balance of trade, triggering debate among government officials and academia about whether China's outbound tourism development has outgrown general economic development. Understanding China's growth in outbound tourism and its impact has therefore become more than an academic issue; it also affects the future orientation of China's tourism policy. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the tourists, spatial flow, market size, and expenditure. Despite the above concerns, it is suggested that China's outbound tourism is still in a preliminary stage of development and furthermore complies fully with national policies. Therefore, orderly guidance and discretionary market policies are proposed to further facilitate the growth of the outbound tourism market in China.     

Exploring spatio-temporal changes of city inbound tourism flow: The case of Shanghai,China

Knowledge on spatio-temporal changes of inbound tourism flow is important for destination economy, cultural communication and city image. This paper proposes a novel research framework for the spatio-temporal distribution and changes of inbound tourism flow by, first, using R-HDBSCAN clustering algorithm to extract tourism area of interest (AOI), second, by utilizing several key indicators adopted from the complex network theory literature to study the structure of inbound tourism flow with a case study example from Shanghai, China. The results show, first, that tourism in Shanghai is highly concentrated on the most popular AOI clustered in the city center relatively close to each other and, second, that, the inbound tourism flow network of Shanghai has small-world characteristics, while the distribution of its AOI (nodes) and tourist routes (edges) has general power law features, which has been influenced by the World Expo.     

Climate change and tourism: a scientometric analysis using CiteSpace

The interaction between climate change and tourism has been one of the most critical and dynamic research areas in the field of sustainable tourism in recent years. In this paper, a scientometric analysis of 976 academic publications between 1990 and 2015 related to climate change and tourism is presented to characterize the intellectual landscape by identifying and visualizing the evolution of the collaboration network, the co-citation network, and emerging trends. The results show that the number of publications in this field has increased rapidly and it has become an increasingly interdisciplinary research subject. The most productive authors and institutions in this subject area are in Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand, and European countries. In this paper, we identify the most pressing topics of climate change and tourism research, as represented in the existing literature, which include the consequences of climate change for tourism, necessary adaptations, the vulnerability of the tourism industry, tourist behaviour and demand in response to climate change, and emission reductions in the tourism sector. The paper presents an in-depth analysis of climate change and tourism research to better understand global trends and directions in this field that have emerged over the past 25 years.