A currency transactions tax,why and how

The crises and defections that afflicted the European Monetary System in 1992–93 are convincing recent demonstrations that adjustable pegs are not viable. At the same time, experience since 1971 has not fulfilled the more extreme claims of the advocates of floating rates. Transactions taxes are an innocuous way to throw some sand in the wheels of super-efficient financial markets and create room for differences in domestic interest rates, thus enabling national monetary policies to respond to domestic macroeconomic needs.     

协调消费与投资的税收手段——对社会保障税的分析

投资高位运行是我国这几年宏观经济的特征之一,相比之下消费却没有大的变化。本文从税收角度,尤其是从给居民带来长期保障的社会保障税入手来分析其在消费与投资中的作用,主要是对扩大消费的作用,并对我国社会保障税的开征提出了几点建议。即:①在设置模式上我国可以继续沿用现有的项目型社会保障税;②在纳税人覆盖方面,应以集体企业、乡镇企业、私营企业、民营企业、其他企业及与其建立劳动关系的职工、外商投资企业及与其建立劳动关系的中方职工为主体;③在课税对象和计税依据方面,可以采用以纳税人支付的工薪总额或取得的工薪收入份额为对象。     

经济转轨时期偷逃税的道德诱因及其治理

本文通过对经济转轨时期偷逃税行为的现实表现及其道德诱因的深入分析,按照江泽民同志的"以德治国"方针,提出应在加强法治建设的同时,强化道德治理的观念和意识。     

Do borrowing constraints matter? An analysis of why the permanent income hypothesis does not apply in Japan

We use micro data on young married households from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers in order to analyze the importance of borrowing constraints in Japan. We find (1) that 8–15 percent of young married Japanese households are borrowing-constrained, (2) that household assets and the husband's educational attainment are the most important determinants of whether or not a household is borrowing-constrained, and (3) that the Euler equation implication is rejected for both the full sample and for the subsample of unconstrained households. These results suggest that the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis does not apply in Japan and that the presence of borrowing constraints is not the main reason why it does not apply.     

国外社会保障税制及其对我国的启示

社会保障税已被许多国家所采用并作为国家社会保障体系中主要的资金筹措手段。研究国外社会保障税制,对我国构建社会保障税制度启示良多。     

从减免农业税看农村社会保障制度的建立与完善

一、我国农村社会保障的现状及问题 1．我国农村社会保障的现状 当前学术界普遍认为，从目前社会保障制度建设的进展来看，这项制度还基本上是在城镇，而广大农村还没有真正开始建立社会保障制度。     

The excess burden of the tax and social premium system for Dutch married women

Summary The excess burden of a tax is the diminution of utility above that which would have occurred had the tax been collected as a lump sum. Computing the excess burden for the 1983 and 1985 Dutch tax and social premium system enables a partial welfare evaluation of the recent changes in the system, the so-called Tweeverdienersmaatregelen. Based on the equivalent and compensating variation, the excess burden as a percentage of the taxes and social premiums for the 1983 and 1985 system are valued at 27010 and 84010, and 37010 and 58010 respectively. This result indicates that, welfare-theoretically, the old system seems preferable to the new one.The author wishes to thank Hans Doodeman, Paul Renaud and Jacques Siegers for their critical remarks on an earlier version of this article.     

The unpopularity of the hearth tax and the social geography of London in 1666

This article presents a new evaluation of the Restoration hearth tax and the social geography of London, first, by comparing the 1666 London hearth tax return with unpublished collectors’ accounts; second, by analysing the huge amount of extraneous data in these records on the social conditions in London; and third, by considering how different forms of tax avoidance and tax evasion operated on the streets of London. The article discusses wealth distribution by location and social status, and shows how privileged groups used diplomatic, ecclesiastical, and military rank to avoid the hearth tax, while ordinary householders turned to doorstep opposition, especially in the outer and poorer suburbs, in expressing their hostility towards the heath tax. The article demonstrates that in Metropolitan London the assessment and collection of the hearth tax depended not only upon the enforcement of the parliamentary legislation, but also upon negotiation and give‐and‐take between tax collectors and tax payers, sometimes in consultation with the Crown. As a result the hearth tax failed to fill the king's purse, was unpopular in the capital and in the country, and created onerous work for both auditors and hearth tax collectors, which contributed to the short life of the hearth tax (1662–89).     

贸易战缓和不等于结束：基于政府层面应对建议

本文基于近期中美贸易摩擦的背景,以统计数据说明贸易摩擦对出口大市—深圳市外贸出口的影响。阐述我国在贸易保护主义抬头的大环境下相关政策导向,提出深圳市在政府层面短期和长期的对策建议。     

Economic policy uncertainty,tax quotas and corporate tax burden: Evidence from China

This paper studies how economic policy uncertainty affects corporate tax burden. We show that economic policy uncertainty is positively related to corporate tax burden, and the effect is stronger when the tax quotas are higher. Furthermore, we find that economic policy uncertainty strengthens tax collection by increasing government fiscal pressure, thereby increasing corporate tax burden. Besides, the effects of economic policy uncertainty on corporate tax burden are primarily significant in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), non-high-tech firms, firms from the eastern areas and service industry firms. The evidence illustrates that keeping the transparency and stability of economic policies helps to cut tax burden effectively.     

Proposed changes to the value added tax: implications for tax revenue and price distortions

This paper examines changes to the value added tax (VAT) system proposed recently by the Indonesian Ministry of Finance-in particular that the exemptions for certain sectors be ended. Using the input-output relationships in the economy as a basis, it analyses the implications of these changes for tax revenue and for price distortions. It also considers other feasible changes to the VAT exemptions that could be advantageous. The paper concludes that the estimated revenue impacts of the proposed changes are small relative to the apparent scope for revenue increases from improved administration of the system as it stands.     

Gender norms and marriage satisfaction: Evidence from China

This paper examines the association between the traditional gender division norm — “men are breadwinners, and women are homemakers” — and the marriage satisfaction of each gender using Chinese couple-level data. The results reveal that married couples tend to be less satisfied with their marriage if the wife earns more than the husband. Moreover, it seems that the drop in the husband's marriage satisfaction matters more for the drop in the couple's overall marriage satisfaction. By exploring the difference between husbands and wives in their attitudes in terms of economic contribution and housework contribution, we confirm that husbands may have a specific self-image regarding the traditional gender division norm, and can also respond to the wives' gender role preference.     

民营企业税务筹划:问题与对策

文章从税务筹划的界定入手,分析了我国民营企业进行税务筹划的必要性,指出面临的主要问题,对如何促进我国民营企业税务筹划提出对策。     

Indonesia's new tax reform: Potential and direction

This study aims to provide direction for policy and provide input to improve the quality of taxation services, by emphasizing and analyzing the existing tax potential and recommending a taxation reformation plan in accordance with fiscal sustainability and efforts to increase the level of Indonesian competence both for the transition period and in the long term. The result of the study has indicated that there is still the opportunity to increase national revenue without increasing rates and by increasing the capacity of tax administration and expanding the tax base, tax collection/revenue will increase. There are a number of indicators that illustrate this, such as the ratio of tax revenue to the GDP which is still relatively low compared to other countries, wide scope for increasing value added tax (VAT), PIT and CIT revenue productivity, etc. Our best estimation for potential tax revenue expansion for the next 2–3 years would be 2.1% of GDP where PIT and CIT contributed more than half of that expansion.     

招商引资——税收减免竞赛

近年来,地方政府超出法律范围制定优惠政策尤其是税收优惠政策来吸引客商的现象时有发生,给我国带来了消极影响。税收在招商引资工作中应如何发挥作用成了摆在我们面前的一个重大问题。十六届三中全会提出的科学发展观对我国各项事业的发展都具有普遍的指导意义。本文正是从科学发展观的要求出发,重新定位了税收在招商引资工作中的角色,并试着提出了相应的措施。     

The tide that does not raise all boats: an assessment of EU preferential trade policies

The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the European Union’s trade preferences on bilateral trade flows. Using highly disaggregated 8-digit import data in a theoretically grounded gravity model framework, we define an explicit measure of preferential tariff margins and use that to estimate sector-specific elasticities. From the methodological point of view, we show that the assessment of these policies’ impacts is very sensitive to the definition of the preferential tariff margin. An important by-product of our procedures is that they can be used to obtain estimates of trade elasticities of substitution, some of the most important parameters in the international trade empirical literature. Results show that actual preferential schemes or possible future policies, such as the transatlantic trade agreement between the USA and the EU (TTIP), have a significant impact on trade volumes, with large differences across sectors.     

Disclose or not disclose: determinants of social reporting for STOXX Europe 600 firms

Building on prior literature, determinants of disclosing a social report are examined. As such, reports prepared with the help of the guidelines developed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) are used in this paper. The sample consists of STOXX Europe 600 firms. Thus, we are able to analyse country specific effects based on a broad sample of companies. The analysis reveals that size, media, country specific factors, industry, and sustainability performance have a significant influence on whether firms disclose social reports or not. As has been stated in previous literature risk, capital structure and financial performance seem to have a negligible influence on this kind of voluntary reporting. Consequently, while this study confirms some previous findings, it also rejects or undermines certain others and adds sustainability performance for the disclosure of GRI reports as an additional possible determinant. The results show that companies disclose due to a feeling of responsibility or of complying with the expectations of stakeholders and shareholders for information rather than as a means to reduce cost of capital.     

Sales tax exemptions and credits: Time to reevaluate

The state sales tax is an inherently regressive source of revenue. This has given rise to attempts to counter the regressivity through adjustments to the basic sales tax structure through credits and exemptions. Two new alternatives appear to have both theoretical and practical advantages over simple credits and exemptions: the use of a debit card for delivering sales tax credits and a negative credit related to potential tax liability. They have the theoretical advantages of both the credit and the exemption while not having the administrative difficulties of the credit or the revenue loss of the exemption. Empirical analysis using the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the Maryland tax code indicates that the state can reduce regressivity and raise substantial revenue using either alternative. The proposed gains can be made with enhanced revenue stability, little administrative cost, and little impact on horizontal equity or efficiency.     

财税激励:中部崛起的助推剂

本文在简要分析中部塌陷的原因后,主要从财政和税收两个角度着手,就如何推动中部崛起提出了一系列的政策建议。