非洲的新商机——埃塞水产养殖业

正目前,埃塞的水产养殖业基本处于空白状态,但其重要性已经引起了埃塞政府的重视,发展水产养殖业的愿望强烈。埃塞的水土气候地形地貌等自然环境适宜水产养殖业的发展,而且水产品价格呈现迅速增长势头。和任何新生事物一样,埃塞的水产养殖业在发展初期存在着很多问题,比如投入品缺乏等。埃塞有必要通过认真实施既定的战略规划、加快招商引资步伐、为相关企业提供优质服务来加快水产养殖业发展。中国企业也要     

南非发展淡水养殖业需要关注的几个问题

2006年以来,中国与南非双方签署了多项合作协议和谅解备忘录,开启了中国与南非以农业领域为重点的全面合作。就渔业而言,南非共和国捕捞业发达,养殖业薄弱。本文基于中国援助南非渔业技术示范中心项目的双方座谈、实地考察和收集资料,就南非水产养殖业发展中需要关注的水资源、气候、市场、水产养殖技术、环境保护等问题进行了分析,希望对有志于南非水产养殖业研究的专家学者提供一定的参考。     

我国淡水“名特优”水产品生产现状及前景

我国淡水养殖业取得令世人瞩目的成就引起世界水产界的高度重视，作者就这一热点问题详细介绍了颇具中国特色的“名特优”水产养殖业的现状及市场前景。     

我国水产养殖业环境污染防治研究

随着渔业的发展,水产养殖业已经成为我国粮食安全保障以及实施"紧缺资源替代"战略的重要组成部分,但是水产养殖业环境污染也越来越受到关注,保护渔业资源和环境成为实现水产养殖业可持续发展的关键因素。本文从水产养殖业环境污染防治的战略角度出发,结合我国水产养殖业污染的现状,分析了水产养殖污染产生的各种机理,提出水产养殖业环境污染防治的战略性政策建议。     

TOPSIS模型在区域水产养殖业竞争力评价中的应用

本文尝试利用TOPSIS模型对我国区域水产养殖业竞争力进行综合评价。文章简要介绍了我国水产养殖业的总体状况,运用TOPSIS模型对区域水产养殖业竞争力进行了评价,通过计量给出了各省份水产养殖业竞争力的排序,并结合评价结果对区域进行了分类。     

水产养殖技术推广中的困难与对策

正近年来,我国水产养殖业取得了飞速发展,但是,由于我国水产养殖技术较为落后,水产养殖业产量无法满足社会水产品的需求。水产养殖技术是现代水产养殖业发展的基础,如何更好的推广现代水产养殖技术,促进我国水产养殖业的发展,已经成为水产养殖领域亟需解决的问题。一、水产养殖技术推广中遇到的困难1.养殖户科技意识较弱传统的水产养殖业,是依托于养殖经验和基本养殖技术发展的,随着近年     

当前日本对水产养殖动物疾病研究所关注的一些热点问题(一)

<正>日本是我国的邻国,中国和日本都非常注重发展水产养殖业,而水产养殖业的成败与疾病的流行范围、危害程度密切相关。大量的研究结果证明,引起水产动物疾病的病原体,可以随着养殖品种的交流等途径而扩散,中国与日本之间的水产品贸易量是比较大的,为了防止将在日本发生的水产养殖疾病传入我国,对     

2000年中国水产养殖与加工学术研讨会暨展览会在宁波召开

<正> 浙江省海洋与加工学术研讨会暨展览会经过了一年的精心筹备,于2000年12月9日至12日在宁波隆重召开。随着我国改革开放的不断深入,社会主义市场经济的不断完善,水产养殖业有了很大的发展。根据我国水产养殖业的现状和发展方向,2000年中国水产养殖与加工学术研     

沉淀成本视角下水产养殖产业投资分析

水产养殖业在我国渔业乃至国民经济中占有重要地位,但目前国内水产养殖业的投资行为存在投资规模小、投资稳定性差等问题。论文运用动态分析模型,从沉淀成本角度分析了水产养殖业四种可能的投资行为,进而从控制沉淀成本的角度为政府改善水产养殖业投资环境提出对策建议。     

内陆水产养殖业的现状与趋势:基于金乡县的调查

在内陆水域面积较少地区,水产养殖业处于一种边缘地位。本文通过对金乡县这一典型的内陆县水产养殖业发展现状与开发模式的调研,深入分析了水产养殖业在内陆经济发展中的困境及其产生的主客观原因,进而提出了利用内陆水产品市场需求潜力巨大的有利条件,克服制约因素,推动水产养殖业在内陆经济发展中发挥更大作用的对策与建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.