1998年以来我国财政政策对扩大消费需求的实践效果及启示

自1998年以来,我国政府开始积极主动运用财政政策对经济进行宏观调控.扩大消费需求始终是财政政策的一项重要任务.但在实际中,财政政策对于消费需求的调控效果并不明显,对投资和消费的带动作用存在较大差异.这主要是由于财政政策工具使用上存在偏差,以及长期实施积极财政政策所导致的.因此,在新一轮积极财政政策实施的过程中,必须将调控重点转向扩大消费需求,通过使用"差异化"政策、优化支出结构、完善税制等手段刺激居民消费,真正扩大内需.     

加快推进经济发展方式的“三个转变”

1.在需求结构上,促进经济增长由主要依靠投资、出口拉动向依靠消费投资、出口协调拉动转变。坚持扩大国内需求特别是消费需求的方针,把经济发展建立在居民收入不断提高和消费需求不断扩大的基础上,逐步提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重,提高劳动者报酬在初次分配中的比重,提     

宏观政策对中国经济波动的影响模拟

文章通过建立一个包含货币政策、具有自动稳定机制的财政政策、金融中介机构以及粘性价格、粘性工资等特性的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE),在校准模型结构参数的基础上,运用脉冲响应技术手段分析了财政政策、货币政策以及贷款、消费偏好等8个外生随机冲击对我国经济波动的影响。研究发现：货币供应量、消费偏好和政府购买支出等冲击均导致我国经济上升,即产出和通货膨胀均上升,贷款和技术冲击导致产出增加而通货膨胀下降,投资调整成本冲击导致产出和通货膨胀均下降,价格加成和工资加成冲击均导致产出下降、通货膨胀上升;货币供应量、技术和投资调整成本冲击是我国经济波动的主要来源,财政政策对中国经济波动的影响相对较小。     

收入代际分配结构与我国社会消费倾向——一个基于Diamond模型的社会消费总量模型分析

基于Diamond模型的社会消费总量模型显示收入代际分配结构影响社会消费倾向。产出对消费的影响通过工资和资产收益率两个渠道传递。我国青年人群收入占社会总收入的比重过大,消费对当期产出过度平滑,导致持续下滑的低消费率和国内有效需求不足。发展资本市场可以提高国内有效需求。     

消费需求膨胀与工资改革

<正> 近一个时期在消费需求膨胀问题的讨论中有一种观点认为,近年来工资改革的失误所造成的工资增长膨胀是导致消费需求膨胀的主要原因,因而应把抑制消费需求膨胀的着眼点放在控制工资基金上。对此,我们有不同的看法。我们认为,我国的工资改革尽管还有许多不完善之处,但它基本上是成功的;工资增长从总体上说,受到了国家计划的有效控制;将消费需求膨胀的板子打在工资改革上是不够客观公正的,抑制消费需求膨胀应把着眼点放在工资以外的其他方面,根本的出路则在于综合治理。     

如何发挥当前积极财政政策的效用——我国财政支出结构优化的实证研究

如何通过积极的财政政策来扩大国内需求从而促进经济增长是当前经济工作的重点。本文通过实证分析,研究我国公共投资和公共消费对居民消费水平的影响,并结合相关理论,提出能够促进国内消费需求的财政支出结构优化方案：一是调整公共投资与公共消费的比例关系,逐步提高公共消费的比重;二是调整公共投资中生产性资本支出与消费性资本支出的比例关系,适当提高消费性资本支出的比重;三是调整公共消费中政府自身消费与社会性消费的比例关系,加速提高政府社会性消费支出的比重。同时,还需要进一步调整公共消费的区域结构,向农村和中西部地区倾斜。     

不是需求不足而是信用不足

７０年代后期我开始钻研经济学时，无论如何无法理解西方社会因需求不足而导致的经济萧条。因为人的消费欲望是无限的，人们不愿消费是因为没有钱。如果需求不足，大家加一点工资，消费就增加了，需求也不会不足了。后来懂得了需求不足时产品卖不出去，资本家不会加工资，所以萧条在所难免。以后学了凯恩斯理论，又懂得了需求不足时可以用货币政策和财政政策来医治，他的理论颇能自圆其说，也就不再去细想了。 １９９５年以后，我国也逐渐出现了需求不足。通货膨胀率从２０％多一直降到了负值，而且库存积压，失业增加。几乎所有的经济学家…     

政府支出对我国居民消费的影响

国内外的研究表明,政府在教育、医疗卫生、社会保障等公共服务方面支出的增加,能有效促进居民消费。近年来我国政府对教育、医疗卫生和社会保障的支出有较快增长,但其在财政总支出中的比重没有明显变化,并且显著低于国际平均水平。这导致居民在教育、医疗等方面的消费支出比重不断上升,社会保障支出增长过快,影响居民可支配收入增长,并降低居民消费倾向。因此,今后应进一步优化政府支出结构,充分发挥财政政策在扩内需、调结构方面的中长期作用。     

建立现代产权制度,解决消费需求不足

产权制度经历了从古典产权制度到现代产权制度的演进.受古典产权制度的制约,我国劳动力市场所具有的两个特点决定了工资的市场定价必然将工资定位在低点,它导致了相当一部分就业人口长期的低收入,从而产生收入分配差距偏大和总消费需求不足.因此,必须建立现代产权制度,才能够解决收入分配差距偏大和总消费需求不足的问题.现代产权制度是构建和谐社会的经济基础.     

突发事件冲击与财政政策效应的动态评价

财政政策效应具有时变性特征,适时调整财政政策工具应对突发性事件对宏观经济的冲击是当前财政政策选择的关键.运用2000年1月至2020年11月数据和时变参数结构向量自回归模型检验突发性事件冲击下不同财政政策的动态效应.研究结果表明,财政政策总体上对产出、价格水平、消费等宏观经济指标呈现时变效应,扩张性财政政策在中长期能促进经济增长,但会导致通货膨胀,并在一定程度上抑制了消费的增长;在突发性事件冲击下,财政政策的短期效应更为显著,中长期后趋于稳定.为此,政府应相机抉择,精准施策,根据经济运行状态采取相应的财政政策,增强财政政策的针对性和时效性,促进财政政策更加积极有为.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.