An Input–Output Analysis of the Nonprofit Sector in the USA and Germany

This paper presents an exploratory input–output analysis of the nonprofit sectors in former West Germany and the USA based on the conceptual and data structure provided by the System of National Accounts. When compared with the USA, the West German nonprofit sector catered more to government demands. A higher proportion of West German nonprofit services went to government and a smaller proportion went to households. In terms of the multiplier effect of nonprofit output, we find that an additional dollar of nonprofit services delivered to households and/or government induced indirectly an additional 83 cents of business output in the USA. By comparison, West Germany's nonprofit sector had a lower multiplier effect, with 43 Pfennig per DM1. We also find that businesses have a much larger stake in nonprofit production as intermediate suppliers when compared to their role as intermediate consumers. The economic position the nonprofit sector occupies in both countries is that of a producing sector, taking inputs from businesses and providing outputs for households and governments. This general structural characteristic suggests that the nonprofit sector is particularly sensitive to changes in government policies as well as to shifts in private household incomes, yet relatively insensitive to demand changes in other industries.     

英国集权财政下公共服务供给的分析与启示

英国的集权财政按照收支匹配的原则,在政府间自上而下地细化分配政府职能,并采用公共部门与私人部门竞争合作的供给方式,体现了英国公共服务职能实现中集权财政和有限政府的两大特点,并通过2007-2008年英国中央与地方的财政收支分析及牛津郡个案得到了证实。英国中央政府掌握主要的财政税收,并负责支持大宗公共服务事务;地方政府之间相互独立、互不隶属,依靠有限的地方税收和转移支付,提供辖区内的贴近民众日常生活的、琐碎的公共服务。作为同是集权财政的中国,应当借鉴英国政府职责的划分方法,并在公共服务供给方式上,积极引进私人部门的竞争与合作。     

论民间组织在公共服务中的作用领域及权利保障

民间组织的培育和发展,是直接关系到我国社会主义市场经济能否全面、成熟发展,以及社会转型能否稳健、顺利实现的关键.发展民间组织,必须考虑两个问题:一是民间组织在公共管理和公共服务中可以发挥作用的领域,以此来确定政府给予民间组织的合法性和行动空间;二是在政府给予的行动空间内,民间组织合法权利如何,其保障途径如何?本文围绕这两个问题展开了研究.     

公共支出结构与经济增长关系的实证分析

采用1980～2004年的统计数据,实证分析了公共支出结构与经济增长之间的关系.研究发现:社会性支出对经济增长有一定的促进作用,但统计上并不显著;经济性支出对经济增长具有不显著负相关性;维持性支出对经济增长存在显著负相关性.据此,提出了增加社会性支出、缩减经济性支出与维持性支出的公共支出结构调整的政策建议.     

企业公共关系与互联网络

互联网络推动了企业公关向全球化、现代化、多元化发展；增强了企业公关的管理功能；促使企业形象塑造更加透明、新颖；能够帮助企业建立科学的公关信息系统，并高效解决公关危机。     

企业员工关系预警管理中公关问题的成因分析

文章就企业内部员工关系所存在的公关问题进行了深入分析 ,并以此构建企业内部公关预警测评指标体系、为更好地预控企业内部公关问题、使企业内部公关工作更系统化和科学化打下基础     

Social Employment of Welfare Recipients in Belgium: An Evaluation

In Belgium, welfare agencies receive a subsidy to employ welfare recipients for a period sufficiently long to entitle them to unemployment benefits. We investigate the effect of this programme on the exit rate from welfare. We propose a grouping/IV estimator of the programme effect that eliminates selection bias. The estimator is consistent, even if the selection into the programme depends on the average unobserved characteristics of welfare recipients in a region and in a welfare duration interval. Without correction for selectivity we find that the programme reduces welfare dependence, but after correction this conclusion is reversed.     

Inefficiencies in Public Environmental Services

The paper discusses efficiency issues in the public provision of environmental services, in particular waste water treatment. It is shown that in the face of increasing, respectively decreasing returns to scale the zero profit constraint of a cost minimizing public firm induces underinvestment, respectively overinvestment in public capacity compared with efficient allocation between public purification and effluent control by private polluters. X-inefficiency of the public firm counter-acts the inefficiency in allocation arising from overinvestment, and it reinforces the inefficiency in allocation in case of underinvestment in public purification capacity. As subsidy can bring down the user's charge imposed on sources, but it will also increase X-inefficiency. The subsidy counteracts underinvestment but reinforces overinvestment in public capacity.     

Triangular Relations in Public Service Economics

This paper critically re-examines the restructuring of public services. Four main decision-making phases are identified: the public oversight to be guaranteed to socially sensitive economic activities; the ways of financing them; the economic organisation of the industry; and the production decisions. By focusing on organisation, the paper reinterprets the market structure in public service industries on the basis of the interactions among three main players: users/citizens, the government and the service supplier. It argues that the issue of public versus private ownership has been overemphasised, and that an effective increase in efficiency can be obtained by introducing appropriate incentives for both public and business players. Instead of using a single policy instrument, namely privatisation, public action ought to be informed by an array of organisational solutions.     

Institutional Quality and Public Debt Accumulation: An Empirical Analysis

The question of public debt management for both developed and developing economies has generated an enormous amount of political as well as academic interest. This study examines how governance affects public debt accumulation in the MENA countries during the 1996–2015 period. The six Worldwide Governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) were used to measure the quality of governance in these countries. The results show that only three governance indicators support well the hypothesis that poor governance leads to higher accumulation of MENA public debt. Moreover, the estimates suggest a significant indirect impact of bad governance operating via decreased GDP growth. These findings have important implications for policy makers of these countries, which are currently facing major fiscal and external imbalances due to the high cost of war and terrorist attacks, low oil prices and a decline in trade. Sound public debt management represents an urgent task especially that public debt management problems often find their origins in the lack of attention paid by policymakers to the costs of bad governance and weak macroeconomic management.     

中国公共关系发展趋势

有人说中国公关对世界公关的贡献,就好像南非钻石对世界钻石的贡献,因为中国有全球最大的公关市场。毋庸置疑中国公关从无到有、从言微到力沉、从被误解到被重视已经成为中国社会乃至世界经济发展不可或缺的重要力量。伴随着世界经济一体化进程地不断加快,中国公关也发生着日新月异的变化,本文从七个方面较为详细地阐述了中国公关的发展变化趋势。     

Opening up Public Services to Competition by Putting Them Out to Tender: An Evaluation

This article examines the effects of systematizing tendering procedures when awarding public service concessions. The opening up of the water supply industry to competition is used by way of illustration. Results show that arguments in favour of systematization are not robust when focusing solely on the expected benefits of the liberalization process. The peculiarities of the contract relationship in the delegation of public services, the mobilization of specific assets, and the long duration and incompleteness of the contracts invalidate this type of argument and expose public authorities to the opportunism of operators.
The efficiency of awarding public services concessions relies on cost–benefit analysis, taking into account sectoral aspects as well as specificities of the contracting organizations and structures.
The public service culture of these organizations is in this respect a key factor in the choice of efficient organizations since it conditions their ability to internalize the mission of fulfilling the public interest.     

传媒的变革与网络公关

网络技术的发展带来了社会的广泛变革,其中营销的变革最为突出。公共关系作为促销的沟通手段,正好顺应了这种变化,满足了传媒的变革和营销方式的变革,在网络传播中发挥了其独特的作用。     

An Economic Analysis of Public Transfers

This paper develops simple models of public transfers. The sources of income inequality are differences in ability and in luck. The government employs a redistribution policy that arises from altruistic motives in the case of ability differences. I consider the case where the government re-optimizes income transfers after it observes the outcome of private activities. When the source of income inequality is differences in luck, the economy creates a mutual insurance or provides public goods out of risk-sharing motives. I derive the paradoxical result that a more able individual would not enjoy higher welfare than a less able individual. I also investigate how public transfers react to increases in income level and income inequality.
JEL Classification Numbers: F21, F35.     

中国保安服务业的劳动关系和劳权保护

三十年来,中国保安服务业得以快速发展。保安服务业共有三类,一是与公安系统的社会服务相关的"辅警类"保安;二是组织"自招自用型"保安;三是物业管理中的社区保安。三类中以第一类规模最大。保安服务业处于劳动力市场的底层,其特征有四大方面:第一,在外包式的劳动用工形式下,保安员们缺少组织庇护。第二,保安员的工作呈现低工资、低职业技能和高流动的状况。第三,保安员的工作是一项高付出的情感劳动。第四,保安员的劳动过程处于保安大队、客户单位和服务对象的三重监控下,其劳动关系嵌入在复杂的社会关系中。文章认为,保安服务业需要建立理想型的产业关系,一是政府出台相关的行业劳工政策;二是建立完善的行业工会组织和雇主组织,在政府主导下开展积极的集体谈判;三是大力发展普及性的劳工服务;四是从文化上转变观念,给服务性工作应有的尊严和价值。     

公共政策视角下的“失独”问题探视:基于公众认知与主体感知的研究综述

随着时间的推移,"独生子女"政策的负面效应也在持续发酵。"失独"问题即是其中之一。从作为"他者"的公众认知视角(基于CNKI重要报纸数据库检索出的107篇文本)与作为"自我"的主体感知视角(基于CLDS实地调查的9个村、居委会资料)出发,分别运用语义网络分析和深度访谈方法,探讨了公众与"失独"者各自眼中的"失独"问题范围,并就其中6个具体问题进行研究综述。"失独"问题本质上是"生育制度"中家庭"基本三角"的解体,突显的是国家对个体"生命历程"政策机制的失效。提出当前公共政策的三个决策支点:结构性纠偏,特别是"失独+失偶"的纠偏;功能性补偿,特别是"失独+失能"补偿;风险管理,特别是预防独生子女死亡的"现代性风险"管理。     

Fiscal Prudence and Growth Sustainability: An Analysis of China's Public Debts

This paper analyses and assesses China's current fiscal system, including its basic institutional arrangements, the relationship between central and local governments, and the fiscal balance and public debt. This paper pays special attention to the local government borrowings that have increased dramatically in recent years, and tries to measure the “overall public debt risk” by including all kinds of eligible debts. This paper finds that although the large expansion of local government debt during the fiscal stimulation response to the global financial crisis was devastating, the all‐inclusive total public debt to gross domestic product ratio remains under 50%, and as long as the local debt stops growing, the risk is quite manageable. This paper also points out that more attention should be paid to improving and reforming the Chinese fiscal system, particularly the reform of the fiscal relationship between central and local governments, and the legal framework for local government debt management.     

构建社会主义和谐社会与公共关系

构建社会主义和谐社会,是我国全面建设小康社会、开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面的一项重大任务,适应了我国改革发展进入关键时期的客观要求,体现了广大人民群众的根本利益和共同愿望。公共关系作为组织内求团结、外求合作的传播沟通艺术,正是一种追求组织与组织,组织与社会和谐共存、和谐交往、和谐发展的社会活动。文章就公共关系的历史、本质、职能等方面谈公共关系在构建和谐社会中的作用。