Colonization and the Rule of Law: Comparing the Effectiveness of Common Law and Civil Law Countries

The rule of law is one of the most important components of any explanation of cross-national differences in economic well-being. But what leads to better rule of law in a country? Using an institutional approach this paper probes the effect of legal systems in influencing the rule of law. There has long been speculation that the countries adopting English common law are better at providing legal dispute resolution than those adopting the continental forms of civil law. That speculative assessment is found to be true only in those countries that have been colonized, further analysis demonstrates that it is the effectiveness of the protection of property rights in common law systems rather than the institutions themselves that influence rule of law statistics. The paper calls for a more refined examination of legal systems which takes into consideration whether law is organically developed or transplanted.     

论广西农村饮用水源法治与习惯法的互动

广西是我国水资源大省,但由于农村饮用水源面临的法治困境,农村群众面临严重饮水困难。然而,这里的各民族群众在长期的社会生活中自发地形成了一套丰富的保护饮水源的习惯法,这些习惯法包括了对饮用水源水量和水质的保护内容。文章试图构建广西农村饮用水源法治与习惯法的良好互动,以期更好地保护广西农村饮用水源的安全。     

劳动保护与农民工福利改善——基于新《劳动合同法》的视角

本文利用双重差分法,全面评估了我国新《劳动合同法》的实施对农民工福利水平的影响。研究结果显示,新《劳动合同法》降低了农民工的工作时间长度达23%,提高了农民工拥有各项社会保险的比例为10%—26%,这一结论在消除样本选择性偏误后同样成立。进一步的分析发现,新《劳动合同法》对农民工福利水平的改善作用在工人议价能力较低地区和教育程度较低组别的农民工上更加明显,而在性别方面无显著差异。同时,新《劳动合同法》的劳动保护效果并没有因同时期其他经济因素的冲击而受到影响。本文的研究结论不仅对正处于争议中的新《劳动合同法》能否真正提高弱势群体的劳动权益做出了明确回答,而且对于制定和发展规范的劳动保护制度具有重要的参考价值。     

现代行政法与行政伦理的共性研究

行政法与行政伦理作为两种基本的行政规范，二者之间存在着较为密切的联系，这在现代行政法中表现得尤为明显。首先，行政伦理与现代行政法存在着共同的论域，即行政关系。其次，行政伦理与现代行政法有共同的价值观念，即公平、民主与法治。最后，行政伦理与行政法有共同的外部特征，并有相互融合的趋势。     

数字乡村建设对农户共同富裕的影响 ———基于农民工返乡创业的中介作用

全民共同富裕关键在于农户共同富裕,而数字乡村建设是实现农户共同富裕的重要渠道。基于2012-2022年我国30个省份面板数据,创新性将数字乡村建设、农民工返乡创业与农户共同富裕纳入同一发展框架,以实证检验三者间关系。研究结果显示,数字乡村建设有助于促进农民工返乡创业和农户共同富裕;数字乡村建设可以通过农民工返乡创业正向影响农户共同富裕,且该结论具有一定稳健性;数字乡村建设的促进效应存在信息化水平和农业劳动生产率的异质性,具体表现为对信息化水平低地区与低农业劳动生产率地区农户共同富裕的促进效应更强。基于研究结论,本文从全面加快推进数字乡村建设、多措并举促进农民工返乡创业就业、因地制宜推动区域协调发展方面,提出促进农户共同富裕的关键路向。     

The Common Law Character of English Charters: Spontaneous Order in the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)

The Constitutions of Clarendon are presented as an illustration of the common-law character of English charters. Although formally renounced and abrogated shortly after ratification, the Constitutions remain a fundamental basis for the separation of church and state. Analysis of the historical literature reveals that spontaneous order subsumes many kinds of positive law and designed order. The emergence of spontaneous order in common law is described, defined, and contrasted with positive legislation. Spontaneous order allowed secular society to grow and flourish. It is acknowledged that charters played a secondary role in making positive law, and were precursors to modern positive legislation. The implications of positive versus spontaneously evolved law for economic efficiency are discussed. The historical context and aftermath of the Constitutions is presented, and their content is discussed and analyzed from an economic perspective. The key legal problem the Constitutions addressed was the relationship between competing secular and canon-law jurisdictions, which suffered from inherent conflicts-of-interest. This provided economic decision makers perverse incentives. Prior to the Constitutions, the Church was able to act as plaintiff and judge in civil disputes and intimidate litigants by exercising criminal jurisdiction. Finally, the Constitutions are discussed and presented as an example of spontaneously evolved law, which promoted greater entrepreneurial freedom and economic efficiency. JEL classification: K11, M13, N43, P160     

基于民工异质的刘易斯模型改造

刘易斯模型能够很好地解释我国长期低工资水平下的“民工潮”现象,但因其剩余劳动力完全同质的假设而无法解释我国当前发生的“民工荒”现象。本文依据“保留工资”高低将民工分成若干个类别,从而构建了一个基于民工异质的民工市场模型：经此改造的刘易斯模型分析的意义在于,它提供了一个能够同时解释“民工潮”与“民工荒”的统一的理论框架,揭示了“民工潮”与“民工荒”有可能交替发生,显示了破解当前“民工荒”问题的根本之策是提高民工工资,表明了“刘易斯拐点”在我国还远未出现：     

控权:通向法治之路的关键

本文在分析当代中国民众法律和法治观念演进过程的基础上,认为认识体现和维护民众权利对于良法和法治的重要性固然十分重要,但还应当进一步认识维权(利)与控权(力)的关系。维权是法治的基础和核心,而控权则是法治的关键。社会改革和转型过程成功的关键在于有效控权。转型时期的法律应当高度重视和强化有效控权功能,以便完成促进和保障社会变革的时代使命。     

知识员工管理之我见

在信息时代,一个企业能否成功地利用知识型员工的智力资本是十分重要的,这关系到企业能否加强自身的竞争力。故而从知识型员工的概念出发,分析了在新时代中知识型员工具有的显著隐性知识特征,而管理者又具有其所缺乏的管理经验,因此知识型员工和管理者的角色不是分离,而是融合的。在实际企业中,所有者应改变以前的观念,将知识型员工视为企业的伙伴,建立长久和相对的稳定的关系。SMT(自我管理式团队)将是管理者管理知识型员工的法宝。     

劳动市场歧视理论以及中国农民工问题

十八届三中全会《决定》第三部分"健全城乡发展一体化体制机制"中对城乡二元结构、农业人口的市民化等问题的下一步解决方式、相关体制机制的改革方向提出了明确的要求。贯彻十八届三中全会的改革精神,针对目前广受关注的"农民工"问题,从农民工问题存在的渊源、原因入手,结合着理论研究和模型构建,分析中国目前的农民工在劳动力市场上的歧视问题,并给与相应的政策建议。     

实现美丽中国梦的法治路径

美丽中国梦是中国梦的重要组成部分,与法治中国也有密切联系,而当前生态文明立法疏而不密、环保部门监管形强势弱、生态司法保护难堪重任、公众参与监督阻塞不畅的制度障碍制约其实现。只有科学立法,形成完善法制保障;严格执法,大幅提高执法效能;强化司法,保障公众环境权益;倡导守法,形成环保社会氛围才能实现美丽中国梦。     

市场经济建设与依法行政

依法行政是指国家机关及其工作人员在管理国家公共事务时必须严格按照法律规定办事,切实保障公民合法权益;依法行政是依法治国的核心,是建设社会主义市场经济的必然要求.     

Forget English Freedom,Remember Atlantic Slavery: Common Law,Commercial Law and the Significance of Slavery for Classical Political Economy

Is the liberty to pursue individual self-interest in the capitalist market all that remains of the grand Enlightenment promise of human emancipation? The article addresses this question by returning to eighteenth century scholarship on the relationship between English common law and commercial law. Specifically, I explore the fundamental challenge posed to common law by the regulation, through commercial law, of enslaved Africans as labouring ‘things’. I show how key British scholars in the eighteenth century traditions of jurisprudence, moral philosophy and political economy struggled to address the radical unfreedom of the enslaved and the meaning of her/his radical emancipation. I explore how this Atlantic challenge was ‘indigenised’ to speak to the threat posed by enclosures in Britain, in particular, the possible destruction of the qualified unfreedoms and freedoms extant in the paternal social order upheld by common law. I explore how political economy traditions pre and post abolition and emancipation sought to deal with this challenge. And I conjecture on the significance of remembering the most radical process of commodifying labour – in Aimé Césaire's terms, thingification – for present day interpretations of the relationship between capitalism and freedom.     

农民工：未完成的无产阶级化

农民工是改革的产物,也是改革的创造者。30年改革尘埃未定,中国俨然已经成为“世界工厂”,农民工是这一历史过程的新兴主体,它承栽了中国走向全球化伴生的所有矛盾与苦难,也必然承担着书写中国社会转型历史的伟大使命。中国未来与这一多达两亿的打工阶级息息相关,农村问题、城市发展、城乡关系、改革走向,几乎一切有关中国现状和未来的重要探讨都离不开对这一新兴阶级的认识。在改革开放30年之际,为更全面、更深刻地思考农民工以及农民工所承载的历史,2009年1月11日至18日,中山大学华南农村研究中心与香港理工大学—北京大学中国社会工作研究中心联合主办了第一期“中国城乡协调发展研究高级讲习班”,此次主题为“农民工与农民工社区”。来自中山大学、香港理工大学、香港科技大学、香港中文大学、香港大学、北京大学、中国社会科学院、北京师范大学、云南大学、上海大学、西南大学、西北工业大学、中国青年政治学院、南京师范大学、江汉大学、汕头大学、澳大利亚国立大学、广东工业大学、加州大学伯克利分校、加州大学洛杉矾分校、香港“女工关怀”志愿者组织、云南连心社区照顾服务中心等单位的师生逾60人在中山大学华南农村研究中心就此主题展开热烈讨论。本刊作为此次讲习班的协办单位,将分两期刊发部分发言者的发言内容。以下文字根据录音整理,部分标题为编者另拟。     

加强农民工医疗保障体系建设的对策建议

农民工为城乡社会的经济发展做出了巨大贡献,而自身则日益边缘化,其医疗保障问题,日益成为社会各界关注的焦点。建立覆盖全民的分为三个层次城乡一体化医疗保障安全网:第一层次为基本医疗保障;第二层次为补充医疗保障及商业保险;第三层次为医疗救助,可以更好地发挥保障制度在构建和谐社会中的积极作用,最终的目标是构建城镇职工一体化的医疗保险体系。     

“收入-成本”对进城务工农民市民化的壁垒影响

该文以农民进城打工的收入和成本的问卷调查为基础,探讨进城农民工在低收益状况下的生存依赖和生活方式、行为取向、心理倾向,认为当前进城农民工的低收入低职业地位也必然造成他们的低心理位置和低心理行为,这是农民工市民化的重要壁垒,是当前经济社会发展的隐患,并会阻缓农村城市化的进程,影响到当地经济社会的和谐发展和稳定。     

The Role of Gender among Low-Paid and High-Paid Workers

Using data from the 2001 Australian Census of Population and Housing Household Sample File, this article analyses the gender wage gap across the wage distribution by using a quan‐tile regression approach. The results show that there is a much larger gender wage gap among high‐paid workers than there is among low‐paid workers. Moreover, this wage gap tends to increase reasonably uniformly when one is moving up through the wage distribution. Institutional factors, the work environment and social norms are all areas that may require attention in order to redress the undervaluation of women's skills.     

商业判断规则对中国公司法的启示

商业判断规则是美国法院对董事注意义务审查的一项重要准则,其内容是任何人要质疑董事的决策需推翻这样一个假定：董事在知悉的基础上,基于善意并相信是为公司的最大利益而做出的决策,否则法官会尊重董事的决策。商业判断规则的产生为公司的董事和他们的行为提供了在商业决策中回避风险的安全港。与之相比,我国公司法中关于董事勤勉义务的规定过于抽象,操作性不强,可以借鉴商业判断规则对其进行完善。