Mismeasured Household Size and its Implications for the Identification of Economies of Scale*

We consider the possibility that demographic variables are measured with errors which arise because household surveys measure demographic structures at a point‐in‐time, whereas household composition evolves throughout the survey period. We construct and estimate sharp bounds on household size and find that the degree of these measurement errors is non‐trivial. These errors have the potential to resolve the Deaton–Paxson paradox, but fail to do so.     

Household Economies of Scale and Changes In the Distribution of Income

A bstract A household's position in the distribution of income depends not only on the household's disposable income but aldo on the degree to which economies of scale in operating a bousehold exist Since the magnitude of these 'scale effects'has never been definitively measured, three sets of assumptions about equivalent household sizes are used to construct three income distributions for 1980 and 1986 Fconomies of scale in operating a household are assumed to be strong, weak, and non existent In given vear, as these scale effects are reduced, the size of the middle segment declines It is also observed that over time, with each set of assumptions, the size of the middle segment declines Moreover, the sizes of the households found in each tail of the distribution are very sensitive to the assumption relating to economies of scale in operating a household     

中国银行业的规模经济和范围经济--基于广义超越对数成本函数的检验

本文利用广义超越对数成本函数估计了我国国有商业银行及股份制商业银行1994—2001年的成本函数,并计算出各自的规模经济和范围经济。结果表明：国有商业银行存在规模经济而股份制商业银行存在轻微的规模不经济;国有商业银行在其传统业务(存款、贷款)上具有规模经济,在投资上具有规模不经济,股份制商业银行则相反;国有商业银行及股份制商业银行都存在总体范围经济;国有商业银行在贷款和存款上的范围经济大于在投资上的范围经济,股份制商业银行在贷款上不具有范围经济,而在投资和存款上具有显著的范围经济;国有商业银行和股份制商业银行在贷款和投资组合上都不具有成本互补性,而在贷款和存款及存款和投资组合上都具有轻微的成本互补性。针对上述检验结果,提出了相应的政策建议。     

配电网的规模经济：一个理论与实证分析框架

配电网的规模经济性是一个重要的理论命题,其研究对电力体制改革具有重要指导意义。现有配电网规模经济的文献对一些重要的理论问题,特别是配电网的多产品产出和成本结构,至今没有给出很好的回答,这导致了实证研究方法的混乱。本文从理论上说明,如何确定配电网的多产出性质、设定成本函数,并在分析相关实证问题的基础上,建立了一套比较完整的分析框架。     

大规模定制生产与规模经济思辨

大规模定制生产作为未来的主流生产方式成为管理学者关注和研究的热点之一，本文从几个方面探讨了大规模定制生产对原有规模经济概念产生的影响，提出新生产方式下规模经济的新特征。     

Henry George and Classical Growth Theory: A Significant Contribution to Modeling Scale Economies

It is widely recognized that the analysis of economic growth in Henry George's Progress and Poverty was considerably influenced by the British classical tradition, especially the writings of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. What has been less clearly perceived is that George made significant extensions to the classical theory. This paper's aim is to provide an interpretation, and to some extent a rational reconstruction, of George's positive analysis, largely leaving aside the striking normative lessons he drew from it. George's unsatisfactory treatment of capital is disposed of in Section I, while Section II—the core of the paper—follows George's lead in aggregating capital and labor into a single productive factor which is employed in a given natural environment. Section III adds the complication of improvement in the arts of production, and Section IV deals briefly with George's views on land speculation. Section V assesses, comparing George with his contemporary Alfred Marshall.     

武汉城市圈中小企业如何实现规模经济

实现规模经济是武汉城市圈中小企业不断发展壮大的一条重要途经。武汉城市圈内各级政府和中小企业要根据企业的发展状况与基本特征,努力跨越实现规模经济的主要障碍,充分利用武汉城市圈作为"两型社会"试验区的发展机遇,既要实现内在的规模经济,也要实现外在的规模经济。     

似无关动态协整模型中的水平扭曲与校正

本文在解析似无关动态协整模型及其动态最小二乘估计的基础上,从理论上揭示了关于协整参数的假设检验存在严重的水平扭曲,即对协整参数约束的Wald检验统计量的渐近卡方分布存在严重的有限样本扭曲。进一步,本文应用自举抽样技术对水平扭曲进行了有效校正。基于本文的发现,我们建议在对似无关动态协整模型中的参数进行假设检验时,为保证结论的准确性,应使用自举抽样推断技术产生统计量值并由此来形成检验结论。     

Scale Economies and Efficiency in U.S. Agriculture: Are Traditional Farms History?

The structural transformation of agriculture in recent decades has raised serious concerns about the future of the family farm. This study examines the economic performance of U.S. farms, to explore the potential of smaller farms to compete with larger entities, and ultimately to survive in this rapidly changing environment. We use deterministic and stochastic frontier methods and survey data to measure and evaluate factors underlying scale economies (SEC) and efficiency (SEF) of corn-belt farms for 1996–2001. Our results suggest that family farms are both scale and technically inefficient. Potential for the exploitation of significant scale and scope economies, and some greater technical efficiency, seem to be driving trends toward increased farm size and dwindling competitiveness of the small family farm.     

中国大型承包商规模经济和范围经济的实证研究

在对我国大型承包商规模经济和范围经济现状进行分析的基础上,本文采用广义超越对数成本函数对我国25家上市大型承包商2003～2007年的经营状况进行了实证分析,估计了大型承包商的规模经济系数和范围经济系数.研究结果表明:我国上市大型承包商中同时存在规模不经济和范围不经济,其中规模不经济的企业较少,而范围不经济的企业则较多.企业规模越大,则规模不经济现象越明显;而范围经济状况与企业的规模之间没有明显关系.     

The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique

This paper gives a short overview of Monte Carlo studies on the usefulness of Heckman's (1976, 1979) two-step estimator for estimating selection models. Such models occur frequently in empirical work, especially in microeconometrics when estimating wage equations or consumer expenditures.
It is shown that exploratory work to check for collinearity problems is strongly recommended before deciding on which estimator to apply. In the absence of collinearity problems, the full-information maximum likelihood estimator is preferable to the limited-information two-step method of Heckman, although the latter also gives reasonable results. If, however, collinearity problems prevail, subsample OLS (or the Two-Part Model) is the most robust amongst the simple-to-calculate estimators.     

Size and Power of the Error Correction Model Cointegration Test. A Bootstrap Approach

The size and power of the ECM cointegration test are investigated by using the 'bootstrap critical values'. The purpose of this paper is to show the ability of the bootstrap technique to produce critical values which are much more accurate than the asymptotic ones. The properties of the test have been studied, using Monte Carlo methods, for three different data generating processes. As regards the size of the test, we find that the ECM cointegration test together with the bootstrap critical values perform better than the ECM cointegration test based on the asymptotic critical values. While as regards the power of the tests, the results prove to be similar for the different versions.     

税收增量融资:芝加哥的案例与启示

税收增量融资(TIF)是美国城市政府最常用的公共融资工具之一,提供了一套利用存量土地的增量收益来为公共项目融资的机制。这与我国地方利用增量土地开发的土地融资模式形成了鲜明的对比。尽管我国并不具有财产税的制度基础,房产税的制定也才刚提上议程,但税收增量所内涵的逻辑仍能为我们提供有益的启发和前瞻性的价值。借鉴TIF的机制,地方可以探索新的融资来源,搭建更完善的PPP框架,以至建立更合理的区域合作和利益分享机制。     

有关国家可再生能源促进政策及其启示

为应对能源短缺和环境问题,各国都高度重视可再生能源的发展,本文介绍了英国、德国和美国的可再生能源促进政策的最新进展。在党和政府的高度关注下,我国近年来可再生能源事业获得了巨大的发展,但仍存在一些限制性问题,学习国外的有关经验,对我国可再生能源促进政策的制定具有重要的借鉴意义。     

日本商业竞争情报体系及其对我国的启示

在对日本商业竞争情报体系进行介绍基础之上,总结出日本的商业竞争情报的特点。并提出我国应该在发展商业竞争情报的过程中应加强体系的构建、意识的普及与人才的培养、服务方式的多元化以及从法律理论给予保障的建议。     

超声波加湿器水垢控制技术

本文介绍了超声波加湿器水垢的特点及成因,提出采用酸洗法、离子交换法、玻璃釉换能片措施来控制水垢,试验证明采用阳离子交换树脂和玻璃釉换能片在控制水垢方面效果显著。     

消费者负面口碑传播动机及其对企业营销创新的启示

口碑传播被认为是增加企业客户资产的一个重要途径。然而,负面口碑却对企业绩效有显著的副作用。本文主要从负面口碑传播的视角出发,探索消费者进行负面口碑传播的动机,并探讨了在整个营销传播时代负面口碑传播动机对企业营销创新的启示。     

发达国家逆向物流发展及其对我国的启示

伴随着社会经济的迅速发展,资源匮乏、环境污染日益严重,各国政府纷纷出台有关循环经济、环境保护的立法,逆向物流逐步得到关注和重视。本文着重分析了发达国家逆向物流的发展现状,指出了我国发展逆向物流中存在的问题及其对策,旨在推动我国逆向物流的快速发展。