中国收入差距与劳动力流动关系研究综述

20世纪90年代以来,中国出现了收入差距不断扩大与劳动力流动规模不断扩大并存的现象,研究者们就此进行了分析与探讨.本文对中国的收入差距、劳动力流动,以及两者之间关系的相关研究成果进行了综述,主要包括以下五个方面:(1)收入差距的现象及原因;(2)劳动力流动的规模与特征;(3)收入差距与劳动力流动的关系;(4)相关的对策建议;(5)研究的困难及进一步研究的方向.     

中国劳动力流动与收入差距的库兹涅茨效应研究

本文在对劳动力从欠发达地区向发达地区流动对地区收入差距的作用机制进行理论推导的基础上,结合中国经验数据进行了实证研究。结论表明:在理论层面无论是将外流劳动力归入欠发达地区还是发达地区进行考察,单纯的劳动力流动都未熨平收入差距,反倒拉大了差距。这与国内现有研究以及西方传统经济理论形成了典型的悖论。本文认为发达地区在劳动力流入后的技术扩张、欠发达地区在劳动力外流后的技术存量因子、外流劳动力从发达地区向欠发达地区输回的劳动报酬比等因素构成收入差距扩大的主要影响变量。实证研究也印证了劳动力流动拉大收入差距的理论推导,并发现库兹涅茨效应目前在我国并不显著。因此,需要形成以就业为导向的宏观政策,尤其偏向弱势群体和低收入阶层,加大对农村与欠发达地区的财政和金融支持力度,推进公共福利均等化等多重渠道缩小收入差距。     

劳动力流动、家庭收入与农村人力资本投入——基于CFPS微观数据的实证研究

该文利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,通过Probit模型与OLS模型实证分析了在不同收入水平下,劳动力流动对全国农村家庭人力资本投入的影响。结果表明,从全国范围的全样本看,农村家庭人均收入水平在7000元左右与26000元左右存在两个阶段"门槛",当农村家庭人均收入水平低于7000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地提高农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度;而当农村家庭人均收入水平介于二者之间时,劳动力流出将会减少农村家庭进行人力资本投入的概率,但有人力资本投资的家庭仍会显著提高家庭人力资本投入的力度。当农村家庭人均收入水平高于26000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地降低农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度。农村家庭生活的宽裕程度与农村劳动力就业选择种类的多少是造成农村家庭进行教育投入概率与投入力度变化的原因。     

劳动力自由迁移为何如此重要?——基于代际收入流动的视角

未考虑人口迁移影响的代际收入弹性估计存在偏误。本文将人口迁移与区域特性纳入代际收入弹性估计方程,并运用迁移概率作为局部工具变量进行估计,发现迁移者的代际收入弹性不到未迁移者的一半。而当前我国代际收入流动的主要问题在于部分人群面临"代际低收入传承陷阱",他们可以通过迁移从而增加就业机会等方式摆脱这一陷阱,这至少可以使一代人免受代际低收入传承的困扰。进一步分析迁移对代际收入传递路径的影响,结果表明教育在可识别的代际收入传递路径中贡献最大,而迁移强化了这一影响。鉴于人口迁移对代际收入流动的重要影响,政府部门有必要进一步采取措施降低劳动力自由迁移的障碍,并合理分配教育资源,以增进社会公平程度。     

Income Taxation with Labor Responses

When incomes are exogenously given, U. Jakobsson ( Journal of Public Economics s 5 (1976), 161–168) proved that a progressive tax structure always reduces inequality. We investigate the implications for effective progression of relaxing the assumption of exogenous incomes when individuals have the same preferences but different talents. We extend the standard result and conclude that it is generally impossible to disentangle the respective contributions to inequality reduction of the tax schedule and agents' preferences. For a linear tax schedule to result in less unequally distributed incomes it is sufficient that the elasticity of labor supply be nonincreasing in exogenous income and nondecreasing in productivities. The latter condition proves to be necessary and sufficient when the tax schedule is proportional.     

Efficient Migration and Income Tax Competition

This paper examines the consequence of the brain drain for the income tax systems of the source and destination countries for the migration, if the two countries' policies are set noncooperatively by self–interested voters. It is assumed that the brain drain does increase the value of world output: workers with the highest income–earning ability are assumed to be more productive in one country than in another. There are costs to migration of these high–ability workers, costs that are less than the gain in the value of their production. However, for lower–ability workers, the gains in production in moving from the low–productivity country to the high–productivity country are assumed to be less than the migration costs. Voters in the high–productivity country want to capture rents from migrants. These voters are aware of the influence their tax policy has on people's migration decisions. Voters in the low–productivity country also behave strategically. I solve for the Nash equilibrium income tax rates. Increased mobility of highly skilled workers cannot decrease, and may increase, progressivity in the income tax system of the destination country, if migration actually occurs. Finally, the effects of transfers between countries on their income tax systems are examined. Redistribution between countries tends to lead to less redistribution within countries. If transfers between countries are set by a vote of all residents of both countries, then the transfer chosen will be the one that leads to the least progressive tax possible being chosen in each country.     

Migration,Transfers and Child Labor

We examine agricultural child labor in the context of emigration, transfers and the ability to hire outside labor. We start by developing a theoretical background and show how hiring labor from outside the household and transfers to the household might induce a reduction in children's working hours. Analysis using Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) data on the Kagera region in Tanzania lend support to the hypothesis that both emigration and remittances reduce child labor.     

Efficiency of Screening and Labor Income Inequality

We analyze the importance of information about individual skills for understanding human capital accumulation and income inequality. The paper uses the framework of an overlapping generations economy with endogenous investment in human capital. Agents in each generation differ by random individual ability, or talent, which affects the screening process. The human capital of an agent depends on both his talent and his investment in education. The investment decision is based on a public signal (test outcome), which screens all agents for their talents. We analyze how a better information system, which allows more efficient screening, affects investment in education and, hence, income inequality in equilibrium. As a main result, we find that, typically, less inequality in the distribution of actual incomes can only be achieved at the expense of more inequality in the distribution of income opportunities.     

Under-reporting of Income and Labor Market Performance

To examine the effects on labor market performance of government tax and enforcement policies, this paper develops an equilibrium model featuring tax evasion, matching frictions, and worker–firm wage bargains. In the wage bargains, workers and firms can agree on the amount of remuneration that should not be reported to the tax authorities. We find that increased taxation actually reduces unemployment, whereas more zealous enforcement has the opposite effect.     

收入差距、劳动力流动与粮食生产

由收入差距引起的农村劳动力向城市和非农业转移在一定程度上对粮食生产产生负面影响。根据1990-2010年间省级面板数据估计结果,以2004年为分界点,2004年之前的收入差距对粮食增长具有显著的负面作用。根据经济发展程度和粮食安全状况将全国各省分为四类区域,欠发达地区粮食增产与地区经济差距的关系最明显。应重视缩小区域差距,加大对欠发达地区的投资,在当地创造就业机会,吸引农村劳动力回流,以促进当地农业生产。     

提高劳动收益比重的对策思考

自2007年美国爆发次贷危机以来,多数国家不同程度地出现了生产过剩和有效需求不足的现象,其主要原因在于市场经济体制中遵循按生产要素分配的原则导致劳动者收益普遍偏低,市场有效需求不足。所以,劳动者收益比重偏低是经济危机的隐患。在我国社会主义市场经济的发展过程中,必须消除这种隐患才能防止生产过剩的危机爆发。可供选择的措施有:确立劳动力资本产权,推进劳动关系双方的平等;保证工会的独立性,完善集体谈判制度;以马克思主义工资理论为指导制定最低工资标准。     

中国农村劳动力转移问题探析

农村劳动力转移对于"新农村建设"具有重要现实意义,但不受限制、无序的人口向城市流动也会带来许多城市问题和社会问题.当前我国农村劳动力转移面临许多问题,而转变劳动力转移观念,创造各种有利条件,实现农村劳动力就地转移也许更能促使城乡协调发展.     

提高劳动收入比重的主要路径

我国劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重偏低,形成"强资本、弱劳动"的分配格局,这是当前最大的分配不公问题,任其发展会动摇我国进一步改革发展的基础。要逐步提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,作者提出了提高劳动收入比重的主要路径。     

Taxation of Labor Income and the Demand for Risky Assets

This article analyzes the effect of labor income risk on the joint saving/portfolio-composition problem. Given decreasing absolute prudence, we find that even when labor income risk increases overall saving, it tends to lower investment in a risky asset. Applying the theory to public finance, we argue that realistic increases in marginal tax rates on labor can cause large enough reductions in after-tax labor income risk to cause significant increases in risky investment.     

企业债券融资与劳动收入份额

文章结合中央提出构建"国内大循环为主体"的新发展格局及推动企业利用债券市场提高直接融资比重的现实背景,考察了债券融资对企业劳动收入份额的影响。实证结果发现,债券融资与劳动收入份额显著正相关,并且在采用基于倾向匹配得分的双重差分模型、考虑RZ分析框架、控制高阶固定效应、利用工具变量法以及通过短期融资券推出的外生冲击进行双重差分检验缓解内生性问题后,文章的研究结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,债券融资可以通过降低整体债务成本和发挥溢出效应降低银行贷款利率,继而提高劳动收入份额;不同类型的债券对企业劳动收入份额的影响存在异质性,债券发行的便利性是其影响劳动收入份额的一个重要因素;"工资侵蚀利润"这一竞争性假说并不影响本文结论。文章的研究丰富了企业债券融资经济后果以及劳动收入份额影响因素的相关文献,对于深化对债券融资作用的认识、理解劳动收入问题以及促进经济发展也具有重要的现实意义。     

Migration and Wage‐setting: Reassessing the Labor Market Effects of Migration*

In this paper we employ a wage‐setting approach to analyze the labor market effects of immigration into Germany from 1980 to 2004. This enables us to consider labor market rigidities, which are prevalent in Europe. We find that the elasticity of the wage‐setting curve is particularly high for young workers. Moreover, natives and foreigners are imperfect substitutes. The wage and employment effects of immigration depend on the skill structure of the immigrant workforce. Because the foreign labor supply shift has mainly affected the high‐skilled labor market segment, the 4 percent increase of the workforce through immigration has not increased either aggregate or foreign unemployment.     

Estimating Labor Demand with Fixed Costs*

We consider a dynamic model in which firms decide whether or not to vary labor in the presence of fixed costs. By exploiting the first‐order condition for optimality, we derive a semireduced form in which firms' intertemporal employment is defined by a standard marginal productivity condition augmented by a forward‐looking term. We obtain a marginal productivity equilibrium relation that takes into account the future alternatives of adjustment or nonadjustment that firms face. We use the structural parameter from this condition to estimate the fixed cost within a discrete decision process. Fixed costs are about 15 months' labor cost.     

劳动合同对于进城务工人员收入影响的有效性分析

本文重点讨论了《劳动合同法》的颁布对于进城务工人员收入的影响,我们用博弈论模型证明了签订劳动合同可以提高务工人员的收入,并且在一定条件下企业也可以通过生产率的上升而获利,实现双赢。从统计上看,签订合同的工人月收入高出347.19元,小时收入高出2.16元,OLS回归结果也发现合同对于收入有显著的正影响。但同时我们注意到有合同的劳动者本身有着更好的素质,Probit和Logit模型都验证了这一点,基于这种可能的内生性偏误,我们使用了处置效应来控制这一问题,并发现签订合同依旧显著提高了收入,估计月收入提高14.0%—14.9%,小时收入提高18.2%—21.5%。