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1.
Elasticity of substitution and returns to scale are estimated on a sectoral basis for South Africa using panel-based generalised least square procedure. Apart from sectoral differences in terms of elasticity of substitution, the study found that elasticity of substitution is below unity in all of the sectors. Most of the sectors studied are found to have increasing returns to scale in production. The study further explores the implications of elasticity of factor substitution and returns to scale on growth and employment creation. It is argued that a greater number of jobs can be created from growth of sectors with constant or decreasing returns to scale than from the same level of output growth generated by sectors with increasing returns to scale. This is the case when the employment-creating potential of the same amount of additional output is compared in all the sectors examined. By virtue of scale economies, a sector like finance, insurance, real estate and business services generates more output with less proportional increase in inputs, which means growth in this sector may not have the desired impact on job creation. However, given the sector's large share (20%) of the country's total output and employment, it may generate more jobs, even if sectors like utilities and construction experience the same level of output growth. Given its importance for growth and employment, the study recommends further investigation into the reasons why elasticity of substitution is lower in sectors like utilities, mining and trade, catering and accommodation services.  相似文献   

2.
In the Domesday survey of 1086, information on the inputs and output of most production units in the English economy was carefully collected by questionnaire survey and verified in court. In this paper, Essex estate data are used to assess whether similar production functions describe production for the three major classes of production unit in the economy – king's, ecclesiastical, and lay estates. A data envelopment analysis is undertaken to determine whether production on one class of estate was more efficient than on the others. The evidence suggests that production processes and management performance were similar on the three classes of estate.  相似文献   

3.
本文运用三阶段DEA模型,对2009年我国35个大中型城市房地产业的技术效率进行了研究。研究发现,我国房地产业技术效率、规模效率偏低,纯技术效率较为理想;GDP总值等外部环境对其技术效率影响较大;规模问题是制约我国房地产业效率提升的主要障碍。本研究认为,我国房地产业的发展必须在保持当前高纯技术效率的同时提升房地产业的规模效率,发挥出规模效应,以保证其健康持续发展。  相似文献   

4.
    
This paper assesses the validity of the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) and the Cobb-Douglas (CD) production functions in modelling the aggregate production function and computing the total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa for the period 1970-2006. The CES function is estimated with Nerlove's two-step procedure using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration and the Kalman filter estimation techniques, while the CD production function is estimated using the Kalman filter technique. The results of the forecast performance of the two model specifications show that the CD specification outperforms the CES for the period 1970-2006, although the CD specification may be too restrictive.  相似文献   

5.
    
This article aims at quantifying the contribution of technical change to cyclical fluctuations in the U.S. and euro area. We distinguish technical progress in labor-augmenting and capital-augmenting change. To this end, we derive and estimate a New Keynesian DSGE model embodying a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function for both areas. Our main findings are: (i) capital-augmenting progress is the main source of technical change volatility; (ii) labor-augmenting shocks give a negligible contribution to the variance of output; (iii) technical change (of both types) explains more economic fluctuations in the U.S. than in the euro area; and (iv) historical decomposition of GDP growth over our sample period (1980–2008) shows that capital-augmenting progress is one of the key drivers of the business cycle.  相似文献   

6.
    
Municipalities in South Africa play a pivotal role in the provision of basic services to communities. However, local government as a sphere in the country is notorious for its spending inefficiency, which is cited as a major factor in service delivery failure. This paper quantifies inefficient expenditure at the local government level by estimating efficiency scores for a sample of 129 municipalities in South Africa from the 2005/2006 to the 2009/2010 municipal financial years. In essence, this paper examines the technical efficiency of municipalities by using the nonparametric free disposable hull approach and finds that 10 municipalities are constantly efficient over the period. On average, input efficiency scores range from 42% to 46%, suggesting that, in general, municipalities can achieve the same output levels with over 50% less resources. Quantitatively for the 2009/2010 financial year, this amounts to a total of R80 billion being spent inefficiently, which equates to R220 million being “wasted” per day.  相似文献   

7.
应用三阶段DEA评价方法,根据2013年国内各省市文化产业的相关数据,对华东六省一市的文化产业效率进行分析测算。研究表明,华东六省一市文化产业的总体效率较高,总体高于全国平均水平。部分省份纯技术效率略有欠缺,且一定程度上受环境因素影响,据此提出相关建议有助于该地区文化产业进一步发展。  相似文献   

8.
    
Recent research on U.S. levels and trends in income inequality varies substantially based on how these studies measure income. We crosswalk (move between standards) from a market income of tax units to a more comprehensive measure of income including realized capital gains of households using a unified data set and replicate common findings in the literature. By using a comprehensive income definition in the spirit of Haig‐Simons, considering yearly accrued capital gains rather than focusing on the delayed reporting of capital gains that appear in Internal Revenue Service tax return data, the observed growth in income inequality and top income shares since 1989 is dramatically reduced.  相似文献   

9.
    
Stochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of specialist surgeon practices based in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The analysis was conducted for both single and multiple output production functions, while efficiency was allowed to depend upon surgeon and practice characteristics. Multiple output models, due to an increase in the number of observations, can be more precisely estimated and, as there are multiple observations per surgeon, can be estimated with fixed effects. The results of the analyses suggest that efficiency averages around 50% for this sample and is convex in years of surgical experience. The benefit of multiple output analysis – improved precision – obtains, while surgeon‐level fixed effects alleviate some concerns related to unobserved heterogeneity.  相似文献   

10.
    
This paper evaluates the effect of access to improved water sources and sanitation on 41 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries' economic efficiency and growth. For this reason data envelopment analysis (DEA), bootstrap techniques and probabilistic approaches are used. The empirical results indicate that SSA countries' economic efficiency is positively influenced by the access of population both on improved water sources and sanitation. Finally, when the provision of access to improved water sources is provided to more than 50% of the population, the positive effect on countries' economic efficiency is much greater compared with the effect of providing sustainable access to improved sanitation to the same proportion of population.  相似文献   

11.
    
This paper investigates the cost efficiency of the Vietnamese banking industry. To obtain an appropriate estimate of cost efficiency, monotonicity and concavity constraints are incorporated in the estimation of the cost frontier using the Bayesian approach. Overall, the level of cost efficiency of Vietnam's banking sector is relatively high, around 87 percent. The findings reveal minor and insignificant differences in the cost efficiency of different groups of banks classified by ownership. Furthermore, throughout the estimation period, the industry faced a slight decrease in cost efficiency. This could be explained by increases in the costs of managing diverse activities, the enlargement of branch networks and the upgrading of the banking technology platform.  相似文献   

12.
车晓惠 《特区经济》2010,(10):23-25
广东省是中国经济发展的第一大省,但其城市的经济发展水平却存在很大的差距。本文是从投入产出的角度分析广东省21个地级市的经济技术效率,并通过技术效率的分解提炼出城市在经济发展过程中经济效率低下的原因。分析发现依靠技术进步以及技术创新来提高经济发展速度的广东省城市相当少,并且达到DEA技术效率有效的城市集中分布在珠江三角洲地区,西部城市虽然没有都达到DEA有效,但总的来说,它们的效率值仍然比较高;东翼和北部地区的城市技术效率都相当低下,其中,东翼城市的纯技术效率以及规模效率都比较低,而北部地区相当低的规模效率是导致技术效率低下的主要原因。  相似文献   

13.
    
Panel surveys offer a valuable tool for researchers to explore the dynamics underlying individual and household behaviours. The Achilles heel of panel data is attrition. This paper examines the determinants and implications of attrition in the first two waves of South Africa's National Income Dynamics Survey. Multivariate tests in labour market and health specifications show that there is some moderate evidence of attrition bias in estimated coefficients based on the non‐attriting sample. This bias can be seen in labour market specifications, in particular for men, and for Africans, and to a much lesser degree in health specifications, in particular for small samples of Whites. Researchers should take care when using the panel data set to generalise to the overall population.  相似文献   

14.
研发费用加计扣除,是促进企业加大研发投入、提高自主创新能力的税收优惠政策。以创新效率为测度对象,选取南京市高新区纳入统计的科技型企业为样本,探讨研发费用加计扣除政策对企业创新的激励效应。结果表明:总体上,研发费用加计扣除政策对企业创新效率提升具有正向激励效应;分企业生命周期来看,研发费用加计扣除政策对初创期企业创新效率提升具有显著正向激励效应,而对成长期和成熟期企业创新效率提升的激励效应并不显著;研发投入强度对企业创新效率提升具有显著正向影响。据此,基于提升企业创新效率水平、企业所处生命周期、改善研发经费支出结构三个方面提出政策建议。  相似文献   

15.
文章基于资源配置效率和空间异质性视角,选取贫困特性典型的云南省为研究对象,运用DEA数据包络分析方法测算与分析精准扶贫提出前后年份的扶贫效率的时空差异,并基于3D框架研究影响不同区域扶贫效率的主要因素。研究表明:云南省扶贫资源投入与产出不匹配,存在较大的改善空间,扶贫效率存在明显的区域差异,整体上呈现由滇中向四周递减的空间分布特征;各州(市)与省会中心的距离、经济密度和扶贫资金对云南省扶贫效率产生显著的正向影响,影响程度由强到弱依次为:空间距离、经济密度、扶贫资金,并且影响程度存在空间差异性。研究结论不仅对云南省扶贫开发具有重要价值,对我国其他省份的扶贫工作也有一定借鉴意义。  相似文献   

16.
改革开放以来,我国各主要港口迅猛发展,本文在我国五大港口群激烈竞争的背景下,以长三角港口群为主要研究对象,用数据包络分析方法对港口及港口城市的效率进行研究,分析了2011年长三角港口和港口城市技术效率和规模效率状态,并计算出港口对港口城市内部经济带动作用,进一步定位各港口功能,最后给出政策建议。  相似文献   

17.
    
The South African Competition Commission's merger decisions for fiscal year (FY) 2002 through FY2009 are analysed to empirically identify the factors historically influencing prohibition, conditional approval and unconditional approval, as well as the factors historically influencing whether merger applications are deemed non‐complex, complex or very complex. The focus of the analysis is on whether or not the historical process has remained consistent through time, and whether or not that process can be obviously linked to the provisions of the 1998 Competition Act. Initial results point to behaviour that is not consistent over the time period considered; however, those inconsistencies are removed, once additional measures of market contestibility, associated with the 1998 Competition Act are included in the analysis. The final results suggest that the commission is less likely to approve mergers that they link to markets that are less contestable. In addition to protecting competition, the commission is simultaneously protecting other public interests. Therefore, our research supports the hypothesis that the commission consistently applies its legislative remit.  相似文献   

18.
    
Allocative inefficiency in agriculture is an issue puzzling researchers and policy‐makers in China. Based on household data from the China Family Panel Studies of 2012, the present paper quantifies the potential distortions in China's agricultural production and examines their underlying determinants across regions. The results reveal that there are different levels of distortions across regions. The Middle region is facing the greatest distortion. Increases in machinery input, the proportion of non‐farm income and effective labor input will reduce distortions. Household saving, farmland rent and farmland size are significantly positively related to distortions. There is a complementary effect between labor and farmland in alleviating production inefficiency, but substitution effects exist between capital and farmland and also capital and labor. The increase in farmland size will aggravate the impact of capital on distortions. Given the constraint of super small‐scale farmland, facilitating land transfer is a necessary precondition for improving allocative efficiency.  相似文献   

19.
    
This paper analyses technical efficiency in Angolan banks from 2005 to 2010 with an innovative production frontier model, the model. The intermediate approach is adopted. It is observed that the efficiency increases over the observation period, according to the international experience, market share and local markets. Policy implications indicate that competition and governance should be promoted in order to increase efficiency.  相似文献   

20.
构建科技创新效率评价指标体系,运用DEA-BCC模型静态分析2021年中国沿海11个省份科技创新效率水平,对非DEA有效省份进行原因分析,并运用Malmquist指数,动态分析2011—2021年中国沿海11个省份科技创新效率的时空变化。研究发现:从静态分析看,2021年中国沿海省份科技创新效率整体较高,其中东部地区海洋经济圈科技创新效率水平最高,南部地区海洋经济圈科技创新效率最弱;纯规模效率是影响沿海省份能否处于DEA有效状态重要因素;从动态分析看,评价期内中国沿海省份科技创新整体处上升状态,Malmquist指数呈“下降-上升-下降-上升”循坏变化;三大海洋经济圈从北往南依次为1.064、1.037、1.032,呈“北高南低”的空间布局,综合技术效率、纯技术效率是决定科技创新效率空间布局的关键因素。基于此,提出坚持市场需求导向,强化企业科技创新主体地位、优化科研资源投入,提升科技市场活力、打破区域限制,实现沿海科技创新协调发展等建议。  相似文献   

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