Value-at-Risk in the Presence of Structural Breaks Using Unbiased Extreme Value Volatility Estimator

Journal of Quantitative Economics - We provide a framework based on the unbiased extreme value volatility estimator to predict long and short position value-at-risk (VaR). The given framework...     

Long Range Dependence in the Indian Stock Market: Evidence of Fractional Integration,Non-Linearities and Breaks

This paper deals with the analysis of the Indian stock market prices using long range dependence techniques. In particular, we employ a variety of fractionally integrated models, which are very general in the sense that it allows us to incorporate structural breaks and non-linear structures. Our results indicate that the series corresponding to the NSE index is nonstationary and highly persistent, with an order of integration close to or above 1. The volatility, measured in terms of the squared returns indicates that the series is long memory, with an order of integration in the interval (0, 0.5). The results finally support the existence of a mean shift in the data at about January 2008, with the order of integration being around 1. Thus the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) may be satisfied in the Indian stock market once a break is taken into account. However, the existence of short run dynamics suggests a degree of predictability in its behaviour.

     

基于结构突变理论的我国货币流通速度的长期趋势

本文利用结构突变理论,对我国狭义、广义货币流通速度的数据生成过程进行了实证研究,结果表明:改革开放以来,我国狭义、广义货币流通速度服从于单位根过程,数据生成过程并未发生结构突变,因而基本保持了持续下降的"稳定态势".     

On the Instability of Tunisian Money Demand: Some Empirical Issues with Structural Breaks

This paper focuses on the causes of instability of money demand in Tunisia between 1973 and 2013. It has been argued that the main explanatory factors of money demand are national income, monetary market rate and exchange rate. We tested Ambler and McKinnon hypothesis (1985), which assumes that instability is explained by the absence of the nominal exchange rate in the specification of money demand. We found that structural changes are explained by the dependence of the national economy to world shocks, the IMF’s structural adjustment programme at the end of 1986.

     

Bitcoin市场的长记忆性的实证分析

Bitcoin是一种新型的虚拟电子货币。运用初步的统计方法和R/S分析法分析其市场交易数据,对其长记忆性进行实证分析。分析结果表明,现阶段,Bitcoin的交易市场具有聚集性和持续性,当前的价格对于未来很长一段时间都有影响。     

Cities, Workers, and Wages: A Structural Analysis of the Urban Wage Premium

Workers earn higher wages in cities vs. rural areas. This gap could arise because cities make workers more productive, or it could be the result of a non-random selection of workers into cities based on their ability and their endogenous history of career choices. To untangle these issues, this paper estimates a dynamic programming model, which embeds the choice of residing in a city or rural area within a model of career choices over time. After controlling for all the sources of selection and endogeneity, the estimates indicate that a given worker does earn more in the city for white-collar work, but not for blue-collar work. In addition, city work experience is found to be worth more than rural work experience in the rural area for white-collar work, but not for blue-collar work. These results support the interpretation that cities make white-collar workers more productive and suggest that workers may consider moving to the city not only in terms of locational choice, but also as a form of human capital investment.     

The Risk Premium, Exchange Rate Expectations, and the Forward Exchange Rate: Estimates for the Yen–Dollar Rate

The hypothesis that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate has been rejected in many empirical studies. The rejection of this hypothesis could occur because market behavior is inconsistent with rational–expectations or because there exists a risk premium. Equations describing the forward premium and the change in the exchange rate are estimated jointly, and tests of both the rational–expectations and no–risk–premium hypotheses are conducted. Empirical estimates, obtained using quarterly data for the yen–dollar exchange rate, reject the rational–expectations hypothesis and suggest that there exists a time–varying risk premium.     

Unemployment and Welfare Participation in a Structural VAR: Rethinking the 1990s in the United States

A report by the Council of Economic Advisers (1997 Council of Economic Advisers. May 1997. “Explaining the decline in welfare receipt, 1993–1996”. May, Washington, DC Executive Office of the President [Google Scholar]) is the first of a group of studies, known as caseload studies, analysing the relationship between the US unemployment rate and the welfare participation rate, with special regard to the 1990s. We examine this relationship in a structural VAR model over the period of 1960–2000 and find that the unemployment rate does not help to predict the welfare participation rate while the converse is more likely to hold. These results are robust to state and year heterogeneity over a period of unprecedented positive correlation between unemployment and welfare participation, i.e. 1990–1998. Further, we find that a shock to the welfare participation rate has a contemporaneous impact on the unemployment rate while the converse is less likely to hold. The main conclusion is that several caseload studies may be based on the wrong assumption that the unemployment rate is an exogenous explanatory variable of the welfare participation rate.     

Structural Breaks,Biased Estimations,and Forecast Errors in a GDP Series of Canada versus the United States

International Advances in Economic Research - A structural break was suspected for the Canadian gross domestic product (GDP) time series when the reporting system switched from the Standard...     

预算软约束、融资溢价与杠杆率——供给侧结构性改革的微观机理与经济效应研究

本文针对我国部分企业中存在的预算软约束问题及其造成价格扭曲、资源错配的现实背景,在金融加速器理论的基础上,首先建立嵌入预算软约束的金融加速器机制,通过企业与金融机构债务契约优化问题,得到预算软约束企业的融资溢价方程,阐述预算软约束造成价格扭曲及资源错配的内生机理。然后构建动态随机一般均衡模型,阐释供给侧结构性改革"三去一降一补"五大任务对经济变量的具体影响,并通过参数调整揭示供给侧结构性改革削弱预算软约束,增强宏观调控政策有效性以及促进长期经济增长的微观机理和经济效应,进而为推进供给侧结构性改革和经济长期可持续发展提供理论依据和政策建议。     

Breaks in the chain of comparative advantage

The chain proposition of comparative advantage states that when factor prices differ between two countries producing many products with two factors, every export of the capital abundant country would be more capital intensive than any of its imports. The present note points out that an economy has the option to break the chain to reach full employment if its factor endowment is not spanned by the production cone of the more intensive products.     

Estimation and Forecasting in Models with Multiple Breaks

This paper develops a new approach to change-point modelling that allows the number of change-points in the observed sample to be unknown. The model we develop assumes that regime durations have a Poisson distribution. It approximately nests the two most common approaches: the time-varying parameter (TVP) model with a change-point every period and the change-point model with a small number of regimes. We focus considerable attention on the construction of reasonable hierarchical priors both for regime durations and for the parameters that characterize each regime. A Markov chain Monte Carlo posterior sampler is constructed to estimate a version of our model, which allows for change in conditional means and variances. We show how real-time forecasting can be done in an efficient manner using sequential importance sampling. Our techniques are found to work well in an empirical exercise involving U.S. GDP growth and inflation. Empirical results suggest that the number of change-points is larger than previously estimated in these series and the implied model is similar to a TVP (with stochastic volatility) model.     

Rationality and the Risk Premium on the Australian dollar

A Model of the forward rate error of the USD/AUD spot exchange rate is fitted to daily data for the period 15th December 1983 to 31st December 1991. This provides a data set of 2034 daily trading observations. Explanations of the forecast error include a risk premium represented by a constant plus the conditional variance generated from a GARCH (1,1)-M analysis of the error process and information variables in the form of lagged forward rate errors. The following conclusions are drawn form estimates for the full sample: the USD/AUD spot rate is subject to a constant premium: there is little evidence to support a time varying component and the market is influenced by lagged forward errors. Sub period estimation confirms these results, although a time varying premium is evident prior to the February 1985 depreciation. The economic implications of these findings are discussed. [F31]     

中国大学学历溢价及其变动

利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2003年和2010年数据,估计了高校扩招前后中国大学学历溢价及其变动。结果表明:虽然高校扩招增加了大学生劳动力的供给,但中国经济强劲发展催生出的巨大需求,足以抵消其影响,大学生就业难实质是新大学毕业生的就业难;高校扩招让女性、非党员、中低收入群体获益更多,扩招增进了社会公平;对不同学历劳动力的需求在区域和城市层面出现分化趋势,而在行业和所有制层面出现趋同趋势。     

Market Instability and Revision Error in Risk Premium

This paper provides a theory and evidence that the risk premium puzzle is viewed as a phenomenon pertaining to the unstable foreign exchange market. In an unstable market, revision error uncompensated by an initial risk premium accrues due to consumer expectation revision about the ex ante uncertainty of the exchange rate. The risk premium widely deviates from its initial level, depending on the frequency of the consumer expectation revision and the degree of risk aversion. Subsequent evidence shows the existence of the revision errors for the risk premium during the Asian currency crisis and the recent financial crisis periods.     

知情交易与中国股市博彩溢价

本文发现中国股市存在博彩（投机）溢价,且无法为Fama—French三因子模型解释。尽管在组合构造期内,博彩型股票存在显著溢价,但组合的超额收益会迅速消失,并未给投资者（或投机者）带来持续的财富效应。基于知情交易概率测度,我们进一步发现中国股市的知情交易者驱动（或引发）了博彩型股票溢价;在组合构造后的月份,并没有明显的知情交易者存在,这意味着知情交易者在基于私人信息获利之后,那些随后进入市场的投资者（动量交易者）无法获得超额收益。     

Time Series Dynamics of Sugar Export Earnings in Fiji with Multiple Endogenous Structural Breaks: Implications for EU Sugar and Industry Reforms

Journal of Quantitative Economics - The sugar industry has been the backbone of the Fijian economy since the late 1950s. Owing to its poor performance over the recent years, and especially the...     

Heterogeneity of First-order Risk Aversion and the Equity Premium

I show that stockholders and non-stockholders can coexist in equilibrium even if securities markets are perfect and complete. This is due to a heterogeneous safety inclination, which is defined as heterogeneity in first-order risk aversion (Segal and Spivak, 1990). A static two-security market model is analysed by the mean–standard deviation approach, where safety inclination is described by the degree of the marginal rate of substitution between the mean and the standard deviation at a certain point. In equilibrium, aggregate shocks may be concentrated on stockholders, which may lead to a high equity premium.
JEL Classification Numbers: D81, E44.     

Testing For and Dating Common Breaks in Multivariate Time Series

This paper develops methods for constructing asymptotically valid confidence intervals for the date of a single break in multivariate time series, including I(0) , I(1) , and deterministically trending regressors. Although the width of the asymptotic confidence interval does not decrease as the sample size increases, it is inversely related to the number of series which have a common break date, so there are substantial gains to multivariate inference about break dates. These methods are applied to two empirical examples: the mean growth rate of output in three European countries, and the mean growth rate of U.S. consumption, investment, and output.     

Identifying Heuristic Choice Rules in the Swedish Premium Pension Scheme

We analyze choices of a randomly selected sample of 10,999 citizens in the Swedish premium pension scheme. The aim is to identify the presence of various heuristic choice rules commonly observed in human decision making. Evidence suggests the prevalence of a default bias, the use of a diversification heuristic, extremeness aversion, a home bias, and the use of a 1/n heuristic. In some cases, cognitive simplification or wishful thinking may underlie the use of these heuristics. In other cases, their use seems to be consistent with recommendations provided by the responsible authority.