中间投入品贸易对我国收入分配的影响:理论与实证

从理论上讲,中间投入品贸易的增长可以使发达国家和发展中国家技术型劳动的相对工资都有所提高,并且使各国对技术型劳动/非技术型劳动的相对需求都增加。本文从中国制造业的角度来研究中间投入品贸易对制造行业收入分配的影响。结果证明中间投入品贸易尤其是出口贸易对中国制造业收入分配的影响很大。     

Trade Policy in Lobbying Equilibrium: With Non‐Traded and Traded Final Goods and Intermediate Inputs

The paper derives trade policies endogenously for final consumption and intermediate input industries in the presence of a non‐traded sector. Contrary to what the existing literature suggests, results show that there is no definite relation between lobbying status and the direction of trade policy of an industry. Trade protection of an industry depends on how its consumption (horizontal) and production (vertical) linkages with other industries reinforce or cancel out its lobbying efforts. To cite a few results, (i) an organized industry may face trade tax, whereas an unorganized one may obtain protection; (ii) an organized downstream industry may not be able to impose trade tax to an unorganized upstream industry, (iii) an organized upstream industry may not hurt unorganized downstream industry, (iv) lobby for non‐traded industry alone can influence trade policies, and (v) lobby for traded industry affects the size of the non‐traded sector in the economy.     

金融发展与国际资本流动结构的实证分析

笔者借鉴国际贸易理论中的引力模型,考察了国际资本流动规模及其构成的决定因素.实证研究表明:金融发展对资本流动规模及其构成起着决定性作用,金融发展水平越高的国家,其资本流动规模越大,同时,权益投资在总投资中所占的比重较大,而债权投资在总投资中的比重较低.此外,虽然金融发展对各类资本流动均有着显著的正向促进作用,但其对不同类型的资本流动的作用大小是不同的,股权投资对金融发展最敏感,次之是FDI和债权投资.     

中间品贸易自由化与中国制造业企业生产技术选择

本文在异质性企业分析框架下,构建了贸易自由化下中间品进口与企业技术选择的理论模型,分析了中间品贸易自由化对企业技术选择的影响机理,并利用2000—2006年中国制造业企业数据考察了中间品贸易自由化对中国制造业企业技术选择的影响。实证结果表明,入世后,中间品贸易自由化显著促进了中国制造业出口企业应用高技术。进一步考虑企业生产率差异性时,发现这种促进作用与企业的初始生产率水平有关,仅仅显著促进中等生产率的企业进行技术升级。另外,中间品贸易自由化对技术密集型出口企业技术升级的促进作用最强,对劳动密集型出口企业技术选择的影响最弱。     

国际资本流动对经济增长的影响分析——基于国际数据的实证研究

基于1994～2009年68个国家的年度数据构建Panel Data变截距固定效应模型,通过对资本流向和流动方式的进一步细分,来考察资本流动对不同发展水平国家经济增长的影响。结果显示:境外国际资本流入对转型国家经济增长的促进作用明显强于发达国家,对发展中国家经济效应不显著;国际资本流出仅对发达国家经济增长有显著的促进作用,对发展中国家和转型国家的经济效应均不显著。     

国际资本流动风险及有效监管

本文通过分析国际间资本流入,尤其是短期的投机资本流入和对外债务资金流入的风险,以及资本流出的风险,揭示了田际资本流动对中国经济所造成的巨大影响,同时,针对目前国际资本流动的主角--私人资本流动的现象进行了剖析,提出了加强对国际资本流动的监管,提高金融监管有效性的政策建议.     

International Trade with a Public Intermediate Good and the Gains from Trade*

This paper presents a one‐primary factor, two‐consumer good, and two‐country model of international trade where each country’s government supplies a country‐specific public intermediate good so as to attain efficient production. By introducing the Marshallian adjustment process, it is demonstrated that the country with larger factor endowment exports the good whose productivity is more sensitive to the public intermediate good. Our normative analysis of free trade shows the following results. First, at least one country gains from trade. Secondly, if a country incompletely specializes in the trading equilibrium, the country necessarily loses from trade.     

Patterns of International Capital Flows and Productivity Growth: New Evidence

Recent evidence from developing and emerging economies shows a negative correlation between growth and net capital inflows, a contradiction to neoclassical growth theory. I provide updated and disaggregated evidence on the origins of this puzzle. An analysis of the components of capital flows and of gross portfolio positions shows that foreign direct investment is directed towards countries with the highest growth rates, but that portfolio investment outflows exceed these inflows. Liberalized capital accounts further exacerbate this pattern. My results suggest a desire for international portfolio diversification in liquid assets by fast‐growing countries lies at the heart of the puzzle.     

An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input–Output Database: the Case of Global Automotive Production

This article provides guidance to prudent use of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) in analyses of international trade. The WIOD contains annual time‐series of world input–output tables and factor requirements covering the period from 1995 to 2011. Underlying concepts, construction methods and data sources are introduced, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing the geographical and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production and show increasing fragmentation, both within and across regions. Possible improvements and extensions to the data are discussed.     

Determinants of International Trade Flows in Travel and Passenger Services*

In the past decade there has been a great increase in interest in trade in services. This paper estimates the determinants of trade flows for two service industries, travel and passenger transportation services, for 16 OECD countries Traditional and more recent models of import demand and demand for export functions are utilized The empirical results indicate similarity between trade in goods and trade in services. Price competitiveness is an important factor in determining the trade flows in travel services and like trade in manufactured goods, exchange rate variations have some influence on the volume of travel and passenger transportation services     

国际生产分割、中间投入品进口和出口产品质量

在生产链条高度细分的全球化背景下,中国提高国际生产分割的融入程度是否能提高企业的出口产品质量呢？研究表明,国际生产分割比例与我国企业出口产品质量的提升之间存在倒U形关系,即单纯地进口国外的高质量中间投入品或单纯地引进技术对我国企业出口产品质量的提升存在“拐点”.在产品水平质量差异很大的行业中,企业使用外国中间投入品对企业出口产品质量的提升幅度要小于产品水平质量差异小的行业.在加工贸易方式下,国际生产分割比例越高,企业使用来自OECD国家的中间投入品则越多,其出口的产品质量也就越高.为了中国外贸的转型升级,政府不仅要鼓励企业进口国外高质量的中间投入品,更重要地是要推动本国生产零部件等中间投入品的企业的自主创新;鼓励企业增加R&D和技术方面的投资,并升级整个供应商体系和下游的生产商体系,从而改善本国中间投入产品质量.     

中间品贸易自由化的生产率效应——以中国加入WTO为背景的经验研究

文章以中国加入WTO为背景,在一个自然实验的框架下研究了中间品贸易自由化的生产率效应.利用2000-2007年中国工业企业数据和海关贸易数据的合并样本进行倍差法估计后发现,中间品贸易自由化显著提高了企业生产率,并且这一结论在改变核心指标的测度方法、使用不同的模型设定和采用不同计量方法的情况下也较为稳健.进一步的影响机制分析表明,进口种类的拓展与进口质量的提升是中间品贸易自由化促进企业生产率提升的两个渠道,其中“进口质量”渠道更为重要.最后,文章还实证考察了中间品贸易自由化、资源再配置与行业生产率增长之间的关系,发现资源再配置效应是中间品贸易自由化促进行业生产率增长的重要途径.     

Real Convergence,Capital Flows,and Competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe

The paper scrutinizes the role of capital flows for competitiveness in the new EU member states in the context of real convergence. For this purpose it extends the seminal Balassa–Samuelson model by international capital markets to trace cyclical deviations of real exchange rates from the productivity‐driven equilibrium path. Panel estimations for the period from 1998 to 2009 reveal strong evidence for the Balassa–Samuelson effect and mixed results for the role of capital flows for international competitiveness of the Central and Eastern European countries.     

人力资本国际流动力与中国人才外流危机

本文从人力资本国际流动态势、基本规律及中国改革开放以来经历的三次人才外流为出发点,说明了如何应对稀缺高层次人才向工业化国家、西方发达国家和富裕国家的大规模外流,是贫穷落后的发展中国家在国际竞争战略选择上,始终面临的最持久、也是最严峻的挑战之一.中国作为一个以"人力资源丰富、人力资本稀缺"为基本国情的发展中大国.其所面临的人才流失问题是现实存在的,在一定意义上也是不可避免的,关键是政府决策层要理性看待这个问题的性质,客观冷静地对待其严重程度或正负面影响,慎用乃至不用所谓优惠政策,将主要精力放在营造平等竞争、宽松和谐的政策环境方面.     

International Trade and Inter‐Industry Wage Structure in Swedish Manufacturing: Evidence from Matched Employer–Employee Data*

This study examines the inter‐industry wage structure in Swedish manufacturing, using matched employer–employee data for the period 1996 to 2000. First, we used detailed individual and job characteristics to estimate industry‐specific and time‐varying wage premiums. Secondly, we investigated the impact of international trade on wage premiums, controlling for effects of domestic competition and technical progress. Our results suggest that industries that face intensive import competition from low‐income countries have lower wage premiums. Surprisingly, the wage premiums are not related to export intensities. Furthermore, technical progress, measured by investment in R&D activity, appears to enhance inter‐industry wage premiums.     

中间投入品进口、产品转换与企业要素禀赋结构升级

本文构建了一个引入多要素投入和中间投入品要素密度差异的一般均衡贸易模型,分析企业进口中间投入品及其产品转换行为对企业要素禀赋结构的影响。结论表明:高生产率企业更倾向于进口中间投入品;企业会根据中间投入品要素密度调整进口种类的数量与规模,发生产品转换行为;通过进口产品转换,中间投入品生产要素流动引起企业要素密度的变动,最终提升企业的要素禀赋结构。经验研究显示,进口中间投入品提升了企业资本密度大约40个百分点,进口产品转换则提升了企业资本密度大约26个百分点。企业通过进口的二元边际提升资本密度,但扩展边际的作用要大于集约边际。因此,通过进一步的贸易自由化、便利化,减少企业中间投入品进口及其进行产品转换的外部政策约束,将有助于提升企业的要素禀赋结构,并进而改善整个经济体的生产与贸易结构,最终推动中国贸易发展的转型与升级。     

International Trade,Migration and Unemployment – The Role of Informal Sector

This paper provides an elaborate general equilibrium framework by including informal economic activities in a model of trade, migration and unemployment. Existence of informal activities is critical in generating positive employment effects of liberal trade policies. Following a tariff cut informal wage increases and rate of unemployment goes down under reasonable conditions. Next we generalize the benchmark model to capture the phenomenon of sequential migration: from agriculture to urban informal sector, and then to urban formal sector. Positive employment effect of reformatory trade policy partly owes to the fact that the presence of informal sector directly reduces the cost of migration and, hence, further induces the process of outmigration from agricultural sector. The paper also extends the benchmark model to include both informal intermediate and final good.     

The Effect of Customs Unions Among Specialized Countries on International Capital Flows*

This paper examines the effect on international capital flows of a customs union formed by specialized countries. We assume no economies of scale, and use a general equilibrium model with internationally mobile capital. It is shown that integration among countries with characteristics generally associated with having specialized economies will lead to a flow of capital into the union. These characteristics specifically concern the types of goods they trade among themselves, and with the rest of the world, and their ability to absorb capital inflows.     

International Financial Liberalization, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rate Regimes: An Introduction

This introduction to a special edition of Review of International Economics summarizes a collection of articles that originated in a conference on “Is Globalization of Capital Markets a Boost or a Hindrance to Development?” that was sponsored by the Program in Economic Policy Management (PEPM) at Columbia University during 16–17 April 1999.