空间动态外部性、企业异质性与出口决定——基于中国制造业企业面板数据

本文利用2005～2007年中国制造业企业平衡面板数据集,研究了空间动态外部性和企业异质性对企业出口决定的影响.我们分别采用Probit和Tobit模型对企业出口倾向与出口强度进行估计,经验研究发现企业异质性指标包括企业规模、经营年限、创新水平、人力资本、外资属性均对企业出口决定有显著正影响.MAR外部性对企业的出口决定有显著的正效应,而空间外部性因素对劳动密集型企业出口决定的作用更为明显.     

校企合作提升了制造业企业的技术创新绩效吗？ ——基于倾向得分匹配方法的实证研究

在创新驱动发展战略实施和制造业转型升级的背景下,研究校企合作对中国制造业企业技术创新绩效的影响具有重要的理论与现实意义。将企业技术创新绩效划分为产品创新绩效和流程创新绩效,使用世界银行最新的中国制造业企业调查数据,利用倾向得分匹配法探究校企合作对企业技术创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明：校企合作对中国制造业企业技术创新绩效具有显著的促进作用,且其对产品创新绩效的正向影响大于其对流程创新绩效的影响;企业的校企合作行为具有“自选择”特征,利用倾向得分匹配方法能够有效克服样本选择偏差问题,得出更为可靠的估计结果。进一步的异质性分析发现,校企合作对不同规模、年龄企业技术创新绩效的影响存在异质性。     

银行与企业的关系:共生抑或掠夺

本文使用大样本的微观企业数据,通过实证分析来判别中国转型背景下,现阶段以大银行体系为主的金融体制与实体经济形成的是“共生”还是“掠夺”关系。结果发现:民营企业中贷款成本支出对企业利润和资产增长造成了显著的“挤压”和“抑制”效应;相反,国有企业中却表现出“共生”效应,而其他类型企业中这些效应皆不存在。这些结果验证了银行体系对民营企业造成了“掠夺”之手的效应。     

企业互联网化对中国企业创新及出口的影响

本文扩展了Bustos(2011)的模型,在异质性框架下纳入企业互联网化和企业创新选择行为,从微观视角揭示出企业互联网化对中国企业创新及其出口的影响。研究发现:(1)企业进行互联网转型对中国企业创新能力有着显著的提升作用,虽然随所有制的不同而存在差异,但是低生产率企业和中小企业仍能从中获益;(2)无论是垄断行业还是低技术行业中,企业互联网化对企业创新均有着显著促进作用;(3)三种方式的企业互联网化都对中国企业创新及其出口活动有着显著促进作用,且通过企业创新选择行为间接地促进企业进行出口。对于积极参与互联网化的低生产率企业表现得尤为显著。因此,互联网转型的企业应该通过激励其创新能力来提升企业出口。     

中国生产性服务业细分行业全要素生产率异质性与影响因素研究

笔者运用Malmquist-DEA指数法测算了中国生产性服务业细分行业TFP增长变动情况,并对行业异质性和影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:研究期内TFP均呈增长趋势,并表现较大的行业异质性,但各指数的差异程度没有明显的趋同或扩大趋势。1991年～2002年,TFP增长的主要动力源自技术效率和技术进步共同作用,2003年之后,则主要依靠技术进步提高。另外,除市场开放度对TFP增长起负面影响外,创新投入、消费需求、工业化程度等因素均具有显著的正面促进作用。     

创新系统视角下创新政策效应研究* ——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

本文遵循维佐利克和哈克特（Wieczorek and Hekkert）的研究思路,构建了创新政策的作用路径模型,并在创新政策体系框架下,利用超效率DEA模型和面板数据模型,研究了创新政策对创新系统绩效的影响。研究结论表明,“政府财政科技拨款”、“政府采购政策”、“知识产权保护政策”与我国创新系统绩效呈显著的正相关关系;“研发税收优惠政策”、“金融支持政策”、“基础设施政策”与我国创新系统绩效无显著的相关关系;“教育投入政策”、“开放政策”与我国创新系统绩效之间有显著的负相关关系。据此本文提出相应的政策建议。     

企业、地理与出口产品价格-中国的典型事实

本文从企业异质性和产品特征的角度出发,以2006年中国海关总署企业层面进出口数据(CLFTTD)为基础,研究地理因素对出口产品价格的影响。研究发现:地理距离对企业出口到每个市场的每种产品的单位价格有显著正的影响,企业倾向于对距离更远的市场出口单位价格更高的产品;这种影响程度在加工贸易与一般贸易之间、外资企业与内资企业之间的差异非常明显。     

“土地财政”被误解了吗*——基于扩张原因与福利结果的重新考察

不同于既有研究仅强调财政分权和经济绩效分别是“土地财政”产生原因和影响结果,本文在第一代面板单位根IPS检验、Hadri LM检验、Fisher ADF检验和第二代面板单位根Pesaran CIPS检验基础上,使用1998-2012年省际面板数据和Pooled OLS方法、FE OLS方法、SYS GMM方法重新考察了“土地财政”的扩张原因和对社会福利的影响。实证结果表明：(1)“土地财政”除了受同质性中央财税制度的影响,还受到人力资本、人口规模、产业结构和技术水平等异质性地方非制度因素的影响;(2)“土地财政”不是既有研究断定的“绝对攫取”,实质上是一种“名义攫取”,短期内对提高社会福利水平具有一定益处。本文发现“土地财政”在扩张原因和影响结果上均被误解了,在“后土地财政时代”,应将“土地财政”的收入视角从“卖地赚钱”转向“以地生财”,政策视角从“资本积累”转向“信用融资”,经营模式从“土地收入”转向“土地基金”,从而有效解决地方财政增长乏力和新型城市化过程的财政收支缺口问题。     

微观视角下的养老金替代率与居民消费行为

老龄化背景下,中国养老金“并轨”开始启动,低替代率问题逐渐显露。本文借鉴缓冲储备储蓄理论,首次从微观角度基于养老金并轨和替代率两方面研究养老金制度对于家庭消费行为的影响。结论显示,我国养老金“多轨制”和养老金替代率均显著影响居民消费行为。机关事业单位人员比企业及其他人员消费倾向更高;在控制养老金“并轨”问题后,提高养老金替代率有助于刺激城镇居民增加消费支出。这些均对低收入和女性户主家庭更为明显。     

我国物流业全要素生产率及其影响因素分析

运用索洛残值法测算了1997—2010年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的物流业TFP,构建空间计量模型,对物流业TFP的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:我国各省的物流业TFP具有明显的空间相关性和空间异质性;地理环境因素对物流业TFP的影响显著,地理位置相邻地区的物流业TFP具有趋同现象;基础设施和工业化进程对物流业TPF的提高有显著的正向影响,而市场需求条件和市场化水平的促进作用不显著。     

企业生产率和企业"走出去"对外直接投资:基于企业层面数据的实证研究

随着中国走出去的战略实施,我国企业的对外直接投资也日益增长。通过采用浙江省制造业企业生产和对外直接投资的企业层面数据,在准确衡量"走出去"企业的全要素生产率的基础上,本文考察了企业生产率及其直接对外投资的关系。在控制了回归分析可能的内生性及其他影响因素后,我们发现:第一,生产率越高的企业对外直接投资的概率越大;第二,生产率越高的企业对外直接投资的量越大;第三,目的国的收入水平高低对企业投资与否的决定没有显著的影响。此外,行业的资本密集程度对企业的生存环境没有显著的影响。所以,本文的发现为我国企业的对外直接投资提供了微观层面的经验证据,一定程度上弥补了这方面研究的空白。     

Firm heterogeneity in TFP,sectoral innovation and location. Evidence from Italy

Sectoral and territorial specificities affect a firm’s capabilities of being productive. While there is a wide consensus on this, a quantitative measure of these effects has been lacking. To this end, we combine a data-set of Italian firms with some meso regional and sectoral variables and apply a cross-classified model that allows for a clear distinction between firm, region-specific and sector-specific effects. After observing a marked TFP heterogeneity across firms, the paper addresses the issue of understanding how much differences in firms’ productivity depend on regional localisation and sector specificities. Results refer to 2004–2006 and have three aspects. First, they confirm that the main source of firm variety is mostly due to differences revealed at individual level. Secondly, we find that the sector is more important than location in explaining firms’ TFP. Lastly, the results show that firm TFP increases when it belongs to more innovative sectors. Similarly, companies get benefits from belonging to sectors where there is a high proportion of firms using R&D public support and a high propensity to collaborate in innovative projects.     

创新与出口间因果关系分析——基于中国高技术产业企业数据的实证研究

使用1999—2009年我国18万家规模以上高技术产业微观企业数据,采用倾向得分匹配方法控制内生性问题,分析了企业创新与出口之间的因果关系。以产品创新衡量企业创新的估计结果表明,企业创新与出口间存在明显的因果关系:企业创新使其出口概率平均增加14%以上,企业出口使企业创新概率平均提升超过8%,从创新到出口、从出口到创新的因果关系方向均显著。区分出口强度和企业类型的估计结果显示:这种因果关系随着出口强度的增大而减弱;内资企业的创新对其出口的影响要大于外资企业;外资企业的出口对其创新的影响要大于内资企业。以研发衡量企业创新后也得到了类似结果。     

On the relationship between intermediate input imports and export quality in China

This paper studies the connection between intermediate input imports and firms’ export quality using firm‐level data from 2000 to 2007. Our regression results show that intermediate input imports promote manufacturing firms’ export quality through ‘variety effects’ and ‘innovation effects’, though the effects are significantly different among firms with different characteristics, and the magnitude of these effects differs across import sources and the quality of imported intermediate inputs themselves. Moreover, we find that a good institutional environment is conducive to the strengthening of the positive influence of intermediate input imports on export quality. Furthermore, the dynamic decomposition demonstrates that the reallocation effect is the key force through which imported inputs boost industrial aggregate quality growth. Taken together, these results suggest that product upgrading facilitated by quality embedded in imported intermediate inputs, a good institutional environment and market share reallocation help Chinese firms to improve the quality of their export products.     

Quality-oriented growth: a new trend for Chinese firms

ABSTRACT

Based on data from the China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES), this study analyses the actual effect of quality-driven growth on firms’ performances in the economic transition of recent years. The results show positive and significant effects between the firms’ performance and quality-oriented growth, which is defined as a strategy that supports the spirit of greater entrepreneurial innovation, the advancement of input quality, and corporate governance improvement. Using a quality-driven growth mode, firms can effectively relieve the adverse effect of downward macroeconomic growth pressure on performance. This study proposes that China’s macroeconomic policy should shift from demand-oriented management to supply-oriented management, with a particular focus on quality development strategy. Moreover, firms should establish a quality-driven development strategy, facilitating a spirit of entrepreneurial innovation, advancing input quality, and improving corporate governance. This strategy will increase the firm’s performance, and effectively relieve the macroeconomic downward pressure.

Abbreviations: CEES: China Employer-Employee Survey, TFP: Total factor productivity     

Heterogeneous firms,corporate taxes and export behavior: A firm-level investigation for Italy

This paper analyses the effect of home corporate taxes on a firm’s decision to expand the scale of its activity through exports using a rich dataset on Italian firms. Starting out from the observation that firms’ export activity vary greatly among them and tend to be systematically related to firm’s characteristics, we relate differences in firms’ export choices to firm level incidence of corporate taxes. Our results suggest that (i) corporate taxes matter at both the extensive and the intensive margin and (ii) higher corporate taxes may increase the probability of new firms’ entry in the foreign market while they decrease the export intensity of incumbent exporters.     

Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity: Evidence for Chile

This paper examines the impact of substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in producer service sectors on the total factor productivity (TFP) of Chilean manufacturing firms. Positive effects are obtained in firm fixed effects instrumental variables regressions and show that forward linkages from FDI in services explain 7% of the observed increase in Chile's manufacturing users' TFP. Our findings also suggest that service FDI fosters innovation activities in manufacturing. Moreover, we show that service FDI offers opportunities for laggard firms to catch up with industry leaders.     

Innovation,exports, productivity and investment climate; a study based on Indian manufacturing firm-level data

In this paper, we use univariate instrumental estimations to study the interactions between firm-level innovation, exports and productivity in the Indian manufacturing sector. To differentiate incentives to innovate from the ability to innovate, we distinguish the inputs of innovation (R&D and training) from the outputs. Our findings highlight a virtuous circle between the three components of innovation, as well as between firms’ R&D, innovation and exports. The productivity of Indian manufacturing firms is benefiting from this dynamics, as exports and innovation improve firms’ TFP. With respect to the investment climate, our results suggest that differences in the environment of Indian companies contribute to their performance gaps. These results are all the more important in the context of the Make in India campaign and the weaknesses of India’s business environment.     

Product and process innovation and total factor productivity: Evidence for manufacturing in four Latin American countries

The literature on firm productivity recognizes the important role played by firm innovation activities on firm productivity in developed countries. However, the literature for developing and emerging economies is scarce and far from conclusive. The aim of this paper is to study the innovation–productivity link (distinguishing between process and product innovations) for manufacturing at the firm level for four Latin American countries (two classified as upper‐middle income countries by the World Bank—Argentina and Mexico—and two as lower‐middle income—Colombia and Peru). We aim testing whether the level of development is a mediating factor in the innovation–productivity link. The data used have been drawn from the World Bank panel enterprise surveys, for 2006 and 2010. First, we estimate total factor productivity (TFP) and, second, we use the estimated TFP as a regressor or as dependent variable, in two models for testing self‐selection of the most productive firms into innovation or the existence of returns to innovation in terms of productivity. Our results confirm the mediating role of the level of development in the innovation–productivity link: both the self‐selection and the returns‐to‐innovation hypotheses work only for the upper‐middle income countries.