Valuing Agricultural Insurance

This paper proposes a method for estimating a farmer's stochastic discount factor that is independent of his or her risk preferences, and shows that that stochastic discount factor is appropriate for calculating a farmer's willingness to pay for a crop insurance product. An empirical example illustrates how production and price data might be combined with returns data to permit econometric estimation of the stochastic discount factor, and the implications of those illustrative results are briefly discussed.     

合作保险:我国农业保险模式的理性选择

我国农业保险的深度和密度都远远不够，并且原有的体制正在瓦解，迫切需要建立新的农业保险体系。本文分析了农业保险的特点和难点，并参考国内外开展农业保险的经验教训，分析了建立合作制农业保险的可行性，并试图构建一种新的农业保险合作模式的框架。     

农险困局——基于无限重复博弈的分析

目前,农业在生产经营过程中仍然面临着不少风险,有的甚至是巨大的风险,但令人困惑的是:能有效抵御风险的农业保险却没有发挥它应有的作用,究其原因,本文认为,农民和保险公司之间的相互博弈是这一问题的根源,而解决这一问题的关键在于找到合作的均衡解.     

森林保险问题探讨

通过对森林保险的研究,论述了森林保险的重要意义,森林保险国外经验和我国森林保险试点经验,森林保险的特性,森林保险等级的划分,森林保险标的的确定,森林损失补偿原则等,并针对目前森林保险工作存在问题,提出解决的办法。     

国外农业保险发展及对我国的启示

本文总结了国外主要国家农业保险经营模式和成功经验,分析了国外农业保险发展对我国农业保险发展的启示.认为对农业保险进行明确定位、加强立法、因地制宜选择合理经营模式、加大政策和财力支持、建立再保险机制、加强专业人才培养、创新农业保险技术体系、遵循先试点后推广的原则等是实现我国农业保险健康发展的有效保证.     

Private Insurance Company Involvement in the U.S. Crop Insurance Program

The participation of intermediaries in either public policy or private markets can be justified on the basis of efficiency gains. With respect to private insurance companies and the crop insurance program, efficiency gains may arise from either decreased transaction costs through better established delivery channels and/or the revelation of asymmetric information. However, anecdotal evidence indicates that delivery costs are excessive and it appears that for political economy reasons, rates have and will not be adjusted in response to new information. In conclusion, the value-added of private insurance companies is questioned in light of the current political economy and thus should serve as a caution to other countries wishing to emulate the U.S. system.     

农业保险中农户与保险公司之间的博弈分析

文章从期望效用理论与完全信息静态博弈理论角度,剖析农业保险各组成要素之间的关系,并建立博弈模型定量分析农业保险。在对农业保险进行分析时,分别对无政府介入的纯商业保险与政府介入的政策性农业保险进行了详细的模型定量分析,从而为农业保险的制度设计奠定了基础。     

浅谈政策性渔业保险

通过对我国目前渔业保险状况进行分析,指出有必要将渔业由商业保险转为政策性保险,并提出政策性渔业保险的运作模式和终极目标.     

兵团农业保险之我见

兵团保险公司成立于1986年,成立之初以农业保险为主。农险的基本条款大部分是1987年制定的,当时正值兵团农场实行联产承包,以解除职工后顾之忧为目的,也考虑保险公司自身的承受能力,在条款制定和投保中以“三低”即低保费、低保额、低赔付为原则。其后,经过几次修改,但基本条款、基本原则没有大的改变。一兵团农业保险在几十年的实行中,对于农业的稳健经营、稳定职工队伍、增加农场职工抗御自然灾害的能力起到了不可估量的作用。但随着农场体制改革的发展,两费自理的普遍推开,农作物种植结构的调整,农保自身的不足也越来越显露出来。1.实行…     

Income Insurance in European Agriculture

Income Insurance in EuropeanAgriculture The agricultural risk environment in Europe is changing, for example because of WTO agreements and governments increasingly withdrawing from disaster assistance in case of catastrophic events. In this context, some form of income insurance may be a useful risk management tool for farmers. Insuring farmers' incomes, however, is rather problematical for reasons of asymmetric information and high correlation of the risks amongst the would‐be insured, for example risks due to price fluctuations, floods, droughts and livestock epidemics. It is concluded that the most aggregated forms of income insurance that are likely to be feasible include revenue insurance for field crops, especially if there are relevant futures markets and area yield data, and business interruption insurance for livestock commodities. In Europe, only a few such schemes currendy exist; some are purely private, others are subsidised. A somewhat larger involvement of the public sector, for example through public‐private partnerships for reinsurance, could extend the availability of income insurance schemes throughout Europe. Governments, however, should tread warily in entering the field of subsidised agricultural insurance, which experience shows is beset with pitfalls. Pilot tests are useful in establishing the attractiveness of income insurance schemes and other income stabilising tools for the various parties involved. Le contexte du risque agncoie est en train de changer en Europe, en raison notamment des accords de 'OMC et d'un retrait croissant des gouvernements de ? assistance sinistre en cas de catastrophes. Dans ce contexte, une certaine forme ? assurance sur le revenu peut être un outil utile de gestion des risques pour les agriculteurs. Assurer les revenus des agriculteurs, cependant, est une activitécute; assez délicate pour des raisons ? information asymétrique et de forte corrélation des risques chez les assurés potentiels, avec ? exemple des risques dus aux fluctuations de prix, aux inondations, aux sécheresses et aux épidémies animales. On en conclut que les formes ? assurance revenu les plus complètes et les plus plausibles comprennent ľ assurance‐revenu pour les récoltes, notamment s'il existe des marchés a terme appropriés et des données sur le rendement par région, et ?‘assurance pour cessation ?’activite pour les produits de ?élevage;. En Europe, seuls quelques projets similaires existent; certains sont purement privés, ? autres sont subventionés. Une implication un peu plus importante du secteur public, par exemple par le biais de partenariats public‐privé pour la réassurance, permettrait ?élargir la disponibilité des plans ? assurance‐revenu dans toute ? Europe. Les gouvernements, cependant, doivent aborder avec prudence le domaine de ? assurance agricole subventionée qui, ? expérience le montre, est semée ? embûches. Des expériences pilotes sont utiles pour définir ? intérêt des projets ? assurance‐revenu et des autres outils permettant de stabiliser les revenus pour les différentes parties impliquées. In Europa ändern sich zur Zeit die _ Rahmenbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft hinsichtlich des Risikos. Dies liegt zum Beispiel an WTO‐Abkommen und Regierungen, die ihre Hilfsleistungen im Schadensfall zunehmend verweigern. In diesem Zusammenhang könnte irgendeine Form von Einkommenversicherung im Bereich des Risikomanagements für Landwirte von Nutzen sein. Eine solche Versicherung wirft jedoch Probleme auf, da asymmetrische Information und eine hohe Risikokorrelation bei den potenziellen Versicherungsnehmem vorliegen, wie beispielsweise Risiken, die auf Preisschwankungen, Flut‐ und Dürrekatastrophen oder Tierseuchen beruhen. Hieraus wird gefolgert, dass zu den umfassendsten realisierbaren Formen von Einkommenversicherungen die Erlösversicherung im Ackerbau ‐insbesondere bei Vorliegen von relevanten Warenterminmärkten und Flächenertragsdaten ‐ und die Betriebsausfallversicherung für tieriscbe Erzeugnisse gehören. In Europa sind zur Zeit nur wenige solcher Programme vorhanden; bei einigen handelt es sich um ausschließlich private Versicherungen, andere werden subventioniert. Würde der öffentliche Sektor stärker mit eingebunden, zum Beispiel mit Hilfe von öffendich‐privaten Rückversicherungsgesellschaften, könnten in ganz Europa weitere Programme zur Einkommenversicherung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Für die Regierungen jedoch ist beim Etablieren subventionierter Versicherungen im Bereich der Landwirtschaft größte Vorsicht geboten, da dies erfahrungs‐gemäß Schwierigkeiten aufwirft. Zunächst sollten Pilotprojekte durchgeführt werden, mit deren Hilfe die Attraktivität von Programmen zur Einkommen‐aversicherung und von weiteren einkommensstabilisierendenMaßnahmen fÜr die verschiedenen beteiligten Parteien sicher gestellt wird.     

Crop Insurance Under Catastrophic Risk

We develop a new insurance model that shows how catastrophic risk affects the nature and existence of a crop insurance market equilibrium. A reservation preference level is used to characterize long-run equilibrium when catastrophic risk makes insurance companies risk responsive. Catastrophic risk is shown to increase premiums, reduce farmer coverage levels and, under some conditions, lead to a complete breakdown of the crop insurance market. Reinsurance can help facilitate an equilibrium and/or increase participation, particularly if the reinsurance is subsidized. The analysis has important implications for the design and management of crop insurance and reinsurance programs.     

Designing Optimal Crop Revenue Insurance

When the indemnity schedule is contingent on the farmer's price and individual yield, an optimal crop revenue insurance contract depends only on the farmer's gross revenue. However, this design is not efficient if, as is the case with available contracts, the coverage function is based on imperfect estimators of individual yield and/or price. The producer's degree of prudence and the extent of basis risks have important influences on the optimal indemnity schedule. In this broader context, optimal protection is not provided by available U.S. crop insurance contracts and may include combinations of revenue insurance, yield insurance, futures, and options contracts.     

Optimal Insurance Against Climatic Experience

An optimal insurance contract against a climatic risk is derived in the presence of an uninsurable and dependent aggregate production risk. The optimal design depends on the stochastic dependency between both sources of uncertainty and on the producer's attitude towards risk, especially on his prudent behavior. Rational weather insurance purchasing decisions are also derived. The prudent producer responds to actuarially fair weather insurance by increasing his exposure towards risk.     

Optimal Area-Yield Crop Insurance Reconsidered

The implementability of area-yield insurance contracts in the presence of symmetric and asymmetric information about the farmer's "beta" linking his yield to the risk-pool's yield is examined. In the presence of fixed costs and symmetric information Mahul's result that optimality requires setting the slope of the indemnity schedule equal to each farmer's beta is confirmed. When there is asymmetric information between the insurer and the farmer, however, this full-insurance contract is vulnerable to adverse selection, and therefore may not be implementable for general cost structures. The optimal area-yield insurance contract under asymmetric information is characterized.     

关于中国海洋渔业保险的探讨

本文分析了加强海洋渔业保险制度建设的意义,介绍了我国海洋渔业保险的现状及国外海洋渔业保险的经验,提出了开展互助共济保险的有关政策建议,并对海洋渔业保险运作的可行性进行了定量分析.     

农业保险补贴政策及其对农户购买保险影响的实证分析

本文在对中国农业保险补贴政策实施现状进行分析的基础上,通过构建Logit模型,分析了农业保险保费补贴对农户购买行为的影响。研究表明,在政策推动下农业保险得到了发展,但农业保险补贴政策仍有待完善;保险补贴对农户购买行为具有显著影响;在目前的保费补贴水平下农户对保险保费补贴的期望越高则购买农业保险越少,反之亦然。     

新疆农业保险发展问题研究

农业关乎民生,新疆是一个农业大省,但新疆农业基础薄弱,抵抗自然灾害的能力不高。因此,农业保险对新疆农业的持续稳定发展具有重要意义。本文对新疆农业保险的发展、现状、取得的成绩、存在的问题进行了探讨,认为新疆农业保险的发展现状不能完成对农业生产的保驾护航。在对其存在的问题进行深刻分析后,提出新疆农业保险做大做强的几点对策建议。     

Farmers' Preferences for Crop Insurance Attributes

Utilizing survey data from corn and soybean farmers in the Midwest, this study assesses the relative importance of different features of crop insurance products. Conjoint analysis results indicate that farmers' preferences for flexibility dominate both type of insurance and coverage level. Revenue insurance demand is greater by those who are larger, younger, and farm in more separate locations. Results are significant and consistent by size, insurance usage, leverage, and risk perception. The results permit prediction of market shares of competing insurance products within specific producer segments, and thus also provide guidance for targeting specific producer groups with new product configurations.     

风险与保障: 基于农村养老问题的一个实证分析

在养老问题引起全社会关注和城镇养老保障日趋完善的今天,我国农村基本上还在依赖着传统的家庭养老与土地养老方式。实证研究却发现,相对于现实生活的压力和对疾病风险的担心来说,农民在自己的养老问题上并未像许多学者那样表现出强烈的忧虑。其原因可能在于农民的生活方式和养老保障传统,在于他们对国家和社会解决养老保障的极小预期,但更主要的原因还是相对于其他一些即期风险来说,养老风险是很多农民管不了的问题。这一结果可以解释我国农村养老保障制度的不合理与长期缺位,同时也能说明我国社会保障制度建设过程中已形成的一种对农民的社会排斥。