Entrepreneurship,income distribution and economic growth

Traditionally different factors and variables have been considered in the economic growth models. Following Solow’s model, economists considered physical capital and technology during 1950s–1980s. With the introduction of endogenous growth models, new forms of capital were introduced in the production function; human capital, public capital and more recently social capital. However, the consideration of qualitative variables is necessary to improve the economic growth analysis. The improvement of statistical information has favored their introduction in the economic growth models. Recently, “entrepreneurship” concept has been considered in this type of analysis. Entrepreneurship considers the capacity and ability to create new business and production activity. It is an activity not an occupation. Some authors like Schumpeter have included it in their models and they have analysed its effects on economic growth. But it is also necessary to include the role of social climate, that in a schumpterian way it could be represented by income distribution. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship, income distribution and economic growth following the ideas developed by Schumpeter and we will contrast them from a empirical analysis using the GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) data.     

Entrepreneurship and the prospects of development in the West Bank

The study is a survey research designed to find out how a specific group of people perceives entrepreneurship and its relationship to economic growth. The group, composed entirely of economics and business administration majors in their last semester of the undergraduate programme, represents a crucial segment of the resource pool of future entrepreneurs iri the country. Hence, their perceptions of and attitude towards entrepreneurial activity is a significant determinant in the decision to launch business ventures should the opportunity arise.

The results of the study reveal a reserved managerial perception of entrepl:eneunhip among the majority of the respondents. The general reaction indicates a lack of readiness to take risks in an uncertain environment. The implication is that a change in perception, spurred on by a re-design of the academic programme in economics and business, is called for if there is to be any serious attempt to enhance the chances of economic growth in the region.     

上海经济2004年发展与2005年预测政策研讨会观点综述

袁以星(上海市农委主任):今年郊区主要抓的工作包括:禽流感、粮食问题、蔬菜问题、清理整顿土地市场、宅基地置换如何突破以及农民增收问题.     

安全生产与经济发展

3月22日,痴恋煤价狂升的孟南庄煤矿撕封砸锁带患生产引发特大瓦斯爆炸,62人命赴黄泉;鸡西煤矿以“出煤是硬道理”拒执54次停产治患令造成特大矿难,115人踏上不归之路,经济损失1.1亿元。这种“经济发展,事故难免”、“经济要上,安全要让”的非理性发展观,是目前重特大事故频发的重要原因。今年上半年,全国发生事故487402起,死60292人,同     

西方循环经济的发展及对中国的启示

资源是社会发展的基础条件,资源供给不足将使社会的发展面临长期的约束。随着可持续发展战略的普遍采纳,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会作为实现环境与经济协调发展的重要途径,而我国面临的资源约束矛盾日益凸显,大力发展循环经济尤显重要。因此,借鉴发达国家的经验做法,对于推进我国循环经济的发展,是非常有意义的。     

工业地价：社会经济发展的风向标

无论从GDP视角，还是从城市化进程的视角看，工业的价都是社会经济发展一个重要的风向标，对工业用地价格及其形成机制和定价方式等，进行深层次的比较研究，对现行工业用地政策的问题进行透彻分析，对于当前的中国地产市场而言，是一件重要而有意义的事. 我国工业用地占土地供应问题的比重较大，部分年份甚至达到60％-80％，因此，对工业用地价格开展调查研究，探讨工业地价形成机制及其价格管理制度，是建设整个地价管理新体制与新机制的关键. 自2006年《国务院关于加强土地调控有关问题的通知》下发后，工业用地一律实行招拍挂，工业地价因而有了较大的提升，报告中所显示的一部分问题正逐步得到解决，当然，也同时出现了一些新情况，如何面对新情况，解决新问题？我们期待这个研究课题的新进展.     

论经济发展战略转型与经济发展方式转变

我国"十二五"时期经济社会发展的主线是加快经济发展方式转变,而要加快经济发展方式转变,首要的实现经济发展战略转型。本文首先分析了经济发展战略转型的必然性和基本内容,以及转变经济发展方式的重要性、长期性和主要内容;其次,分析了经济发展战略转型中要处理好的几个关系;最后,提出实现经济发展战略转型和经济发展方式转变,必须以推进技术进步和技术创新为支撑,以深化改革和扩大开放为动力。     

Military expenditure and economic development: An endogenous growth perspective

This paper attempts to analyse the interrelationships between government and military expenditure and economic growth in particular, and between security and development in general, in a new framework. It has three novel features. First, the impact of military spending (as well as any other government spending which has similar externalities) is studied in an endogenous growth framework unlike most of the previous research in the field. Second, growth, welfare and security effects are studied simultaneously. Third, simulation studies are made for specific countries to capture long-term steady state effects which are difficult to analyze in longitudinal case studies.     

On the relationship between economic development and political democracy

A politico-economic model is defined, in which consumers, at date 0, decide how much to invest in a firm (and how much of its stock to purchase), whose production possibilities are determined by the outcome of an election, to be held at date 1. At date 1, consumers vote on the level of pollution the firm shall be allowed to emit. There are incomplete markets; the states of the world are the two possible electoral outcomes at date 1, each associated with the victory of a particular party. In turn, the parties represent poor and rich voters; voters’ interests at date 1 are determined by the investments they have made at date 0. Because parties are uncertain about a parameter of voter preferences, the electoral (Nash) equilibrium at date 1 is not median-voter: there are two possible policies (pollution levels), occurring with probabilities that can be calculated. A full equilibrium of the model is an economic equilibrium with incomplete markets at date 0 and a political equilibrium at date 1, each of which induces the other. In a fictional ‘benevolent dictatorship,’ elections are called off, and the dictator announces a pollution policy which is the expected outcome of the would-be elections. By substituting the expected value of a lottery for a lottery, the utilities of citizens, who are risk-averse, increase. There are, however, costs to dictatorship, in the form of the absence of civil liberties. For any economic environment, it is possible to compute the equilibria under democracy and benevolent dictatorship, and to evaluate what coalition of the population prefers one to the other. In this way, the benevolent dictatorship is a benchmark against which to measure the costs of democracy. We examine to what extent the support for democracy, contrasted with benevolent dictatorship, grows among the population as economic development occurs. Development is simulated in five different ways, and it is not unambiguously the case that it induces a growing social preference for democracy. I have benefitted from discussions with A. Alesina and M. Quinzii, from the comments of S. Barbera at the International Economic Association conference on democracy and development (1992), from the comments of Michael Winston at the NBER political economy conference (1992), and from comments by participants at these conferences and at several university seminars.     

企业生态经济效率与可持续发展

认为可持续发展是当今社会发展的主题,生态经济是现代乃至未来经济发展的方向;随着经济发展由工业时代向环境时代、由经济效率向生态效率的转变,将生态环境因素纳入企业管理决策中显得愈发迫切,在业绩评价中融入生态经济效率概念,对于企业可持续发展有着重要的现实意义。从业绩评价的角度对生态经济效率的相关概念、内涵、特点及作用进行了诠释和解读,指出生态经济效率融合了环境业绩与经济业绩,要求企业以较少的生态环境影响实现较大的经济效益,从而实现可持续发展的战略目标及创造长期的价值。     

Entrepreneurship: Origins and returns

We examine the origins and outcome of entrepreneurship on the basis of exceptionally comprehensive Norwegian matched worker-firm-owner data. In contrast to most existing studies, our notion of entrepreneurship not only comprises self-employment, but also employment in partly self-owned limited liability companies. Based on this extended entrepreneurship concept, we find that entrepreneurship tends to be profitable. It also raises income variability, but the most successful quartile gains much more than the least successful quartile loses. Key determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur are occupational qualifications, family resources, gender, and work environments. Individual unemployment encourages, while aggregate unemployment discourages, entrepreneurship.     

Rural-urban migration in economic development

Abstract. This paper provides a review of the theoretical literature on rural–urban migration in contemporary LDCs. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the Lewis model before going on to discuss the Todaro and the Harris–Todaro models and the large literature which these models have spawned. The question of job search in the context of migration and the role of family members in migration decisions are considered next. The paper then takes a closer look at the Informal sector and also sets out alternative migration functions to the ones usually employed in the literature. The paper concludes with a brief note on some of the important implications arising from our study.     

Financial development and economic growth in Vietnam

By making use of a panel dataset that covers 61 provinces of Vietnam over the period 1997 to 2006, this paper examines the link between financial development and economic growth. Our analysis, which is based on endogenous growth theory, reveals that financial development has contributed to economic growth in Vietnam. We find that high ratio of credit to Gross Provincial Product (GPP) has accelerated economic growth in Vietnam. We also found a strong positive link between financial development and economic growth when alternative measures of financial development were used. The impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth will be stronger if more resources are invested in financial market development.     

Entrepreneurial talent and economic development in China

In this paper, we argue that the economic miracle of China in the past three decades can be attributed to the reallocation of entrepreneurial talent from the government/state and agricultural sectors to business activities. This change is unprecedented in the past two thousand years of Chinese history. When entrepreneurial talent was moved more to business activities, it created wealth, and the economy boomed. Three dominant groups of entrepreneurs are identified: (1) Peasants-turned entrepreneurs, (2) officials-turned entrepreneurs, and (3) overseas-returned, and engineers-turned, entrepreneurs. They have emerged sequentially, and successively led three decades of economic growth. The success of the Chinese economy arises from a gradual replacement of position-based rights with property-based rights that has triggered this reallocation of entrepreneurial talent. We also argue that when position-based and property-based rights coexist, value-creating and rent-seeking can be complementary. Therefore, one should not be puzzled by the coexistence of rapid economic growth and pervasive corruption in China. In order to improve the efficiency of allocation of entrepreneurial talent and efforts, it is important to further reduce the domain of position-based rights, and build a better-defined and more effectively-protected property rights system.     

Social norms, fertility and economic development

This paper presents an overlapping generations model with endogenous fertility and human capital accumulation. Within such a framework, it shows how the presence of family-size norms can lead to multiple equilibria. It can thus potentially explain different development patterns without recourse to increasing returns and differences in initial conditions. Furthermore, it derives sufficient conditions under which different equilibria can be Pareto ranked. Finally, it shows that the main results hold also in the case where there exists parental altruism.     

城市化是经济社会发展的必然

城市化在近 2 0年来 ,在我们国家发展很快 ,但东部沿海地区和广大内陆地区的差距是相当大的。快的像东莞樟木头镇 ,实际上是90年代初开始发展的 ,现在已经发展成为这样一个规模 ,可以说是翻天覆地的变化。内在的原因实际上是我们国家在经历着一个工业化的进程 ,必然要出现大量的农民从土地、从农业上分离出来 ,逐步地转向非农产业 ,转向城市 ,这是社会经济发展规律作用的必然结果。东南沿海地区有地域上的优势 ,同时国际比较上有一个成本低的优势 ,所以很快发展成为国际上重要的加工贸易区 ,大量资金涌入 ;另外 ,这些地区普遍是人多地少 ,如…     

中国经济目标重在稳定

下一步发展需要平衡 在温家宝总理提交给全国人大的第一份政府工作报告中,他强调三点:宏观经济的稳定、农村的发展和社会改革。这届政府突出地强调平衡经济增长和其他社会发展的主题。从当前的经济发展阶段来看,这是正确的选择。对于今天的中国来说,经济的发展已经不再是中国发展的唯一解决之道。在很多情况下,对于增强中国的可持续发展能力来说,更直接地解决具体问题是可能的也是必须的。