制度变迁与区域经济一体化

区域经济一体化是经济发展的客观要求。中国的区域经济一体化进程滞后已经成为影响整个经济发展的重要因素，它表现在统一的要素市场和商品市场体系的建立、跨区域的公共事务管理及区域基础设施的供给等方面。制度因素是制约区域经济一体化的重要因素，它包括区域资源的配置方式、中央与地方的财权与事权制度、现代企业制度、区域公共管理制度及基础设施的供给制度等，而制度变迁是推动区域经济一体化的必然选择。     

中国区域一体化如何影响碳排放效率

基于2003—2019年中国除西藏、台湾省、香港和澳门特别行政区外30个省份的数据，运用含非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度了各省份的碳排放效率，用商品市场、劳动力市场和金融市场的一体化水平构造了区域一体化综合水平指标，并分析了区域一体化、产业结构高级化、财政支出规模以及区域一体化与后两者的交互作用对碳排放效率的影响及其空间效应。结果表明：区域一体化有利于提高碳排放效率，且该作用受到产业结构高级化的正向调节和财政支出规模的负向调节；产业结构高级化有利于提高碳排放效率，财政支出规模扩大不利于提高碳排放效率，若产业结构水平过低或财政支出规模过大，则存在通过降低区域一体化水平来提高碳排放效率的次优策略；区域一体化可以促进邻近省份的碳排放效率，但该溢出效应亦受到产业结构高级化的正向调节和财政支出规模的负向调节。因此，应当持续推进产业结构高级化以保障和强化区域一体化对碳排放效率的促进作用；政府在激发市场主体活力的同时也要主动作为，在环境保护投资中分配更多的财政支出，着力培育地方优势产业，积极推行区域一体化战略；碳排放政策必须注重区域协调发展。     

发展中的亚洲的资本市场一体化

一、引言亚洲资本市场相互之间以及它们和世界资本市场之间是否在变得更为一体化?如果是的话,其驱动力是什么?资本市场一体化对该地区经济增长和稳定有何影响?对其是否要求有政策反应?对于这些涉及面广且错综复杂的问题,我们在回顾与此相关的可以获得的数据和广泛详尽的文献的基础上。提出尝试性的回答。二、亚洲资本市场是否正在变得更为一体化?如果(1)资本可以自由流入和流出某个国家,并且(2)该国的资产可以代替它国的资产,那么这个国家就算一体化于世界资本市场了。由于大多数发展中国家,包括亚洲的发展中国家,都对资本流动有所限制,且都不能宣称本国的资产都可以完全代替它国的资产,因此资本市场一体化只能是程度上的问题。     

区域劳动力市场一体化研究——基于海西区与长三角、珠三角的比较

利用我国城市最近的面板数据探讨区域劳动力市场一体化问题,分别考察了海西区、长三角、珠三角三个区域的工资趋同性,并进一步考察了影响地区工资趋同的因素以及这些影响因素与工资趋同趋势的相关关系,对比了海西区与其他两个地区劳动力市场一体化的主要差异。最后,对促进劳动力市场的一体化提出了相关政策建议。     

中国劳动力市场一体化与经济开放

本文从理论和经验上分析了中国劳动力市场一体化及经济开放对该进程的影响,表明:两个劳动力市场的均衡工资差距在受到外生冲击后回到均衡水平的能力是衡量我国区域劳动力市场一体化的一个较好标准;经济开放对我国区域劳动力市场一体化的程度具有显著促进作用,其主要机制是减少或消除劳动力迁移过程中的各种障碍性因素、推进我国地区劳动力市场的开放等;我国各区域劳动力市场一体化进程不同,华北、华东、华南区域劳动力市场一体化的程度更高.     

经济地理学视角下长三角区域一体化研究进展

区域一体化通过推动区域间资源共享与经济合作能够有效促进区域发展，长三角区域一体化作为国家发展战略已成为经济地理学界关注的重要议题。文章利用知识图谱可视化技术对经济地理学领域长三角区域的学术研究现状进行分析，并基于系统文献阅读探索区域一体化议题的研究进展。研究表明，经济地理学界关于长三角区域一体化研究的学术规模、学科开拓性和学术共同体建设有待提升；相关研究已形成产业协作与空间组织、城市分工与区域发展、区域交通网络、区域协同管治和区域高质量一体化发展五个方面，发现了长三角区域协同的网络化、圈层化、多中心、沿交通线路发展的格局，以及邻近性、集聚效应、溢出效应、政府博弈在一体化中的作用；研究重点从格局刻画转向机制和对策探究，研究认知也从强调区域分工合作到区域协同、区域一体化不断升级，但囿于测度数据及方法的有限性，区域一体化研究仍处于待发展的探索争鸣期。     

区域市场一体化与区域经济一体化

自20世纪50年代以来,区域经济一体化成为世界经济发展的主流之一,同时世界经济的快速发展也得益于区域经济一体化的卓有成效地推动。区域经济一体化是一个国家经济发展过程中不可或缺的环节,也是经济发展和经济空间共同作用的结果。市场一体化作为推动区域经济一体化发展的动因之一,它有效地为区域生产要素顺畅流通以及经济一体化进程提供...     

亚太区域经济一体化的进程与影响因素

在贸易集团化和区域经济一体化成为整个世界经济发展的两大趋势的背景下,对亚太地区经济一体化进程的关注显得格外重要。本文以区域经济一体化组织形态理论为依据,结合亚太地区经济一体化的现状,得出了亚太区域经济一体化进程目前尚属于较低级的起步阶段的结论,从经济方面分析了影响亚太区域经济一体化进程的因素,对促进亚太区域经济一体化提出了建议。     

国际游资对中国资本市场影响的实证分析——以中国A股市场为例

全球金融一体化加剧了国际游资的跨国流动的速度，对我国经济的负效应无疑是不容忽视的。然而其流入我国后将何去何从，是否会流入金融市场，并威胁着资本市场的稳定？文章按照通常的研究思路，量化地估算了国际游资的规模，并以中国A股市场为例，研究了其对股票价格及股市规模的影响。结论认为，国际游资有一大部分流入了中国的资本市场，壮大在中国A股市场的规模，但并未对股价产生显著影响。     

深度一体化、外国直接投资与发展中国家的自由贸易区战略

深度一体化是全球区域主义的新趋势,近年来,越来越多的区域一体化协定涉及投资问题,吸引外资正在逐渐成为发展中国家参与区域经济一体化的主要目标之一。本文采用寡头垄断的一般均衡模型,以一个市场规模较大的发展中国家为分析对象,研究了此类国家参与不同类型区域一体化对吸引区内、区外投资的作用。数值模拟的结果显示,区域一体化的深度、成员国间的距离、市场规模及区内与区外国家的生产成本差异等因素将影响区域一体化的引资效果。结论指出,发展中国家在实施自由贸易区战略时应注重深度一体化,对于与距离较远国组成的FTA,应以促进区内双向投资为主,对于与距离较近国家组成的FTA,应充分利用大市场的规模效应,构建"单一投资区",促进区内、外投资流入。     

Volatility spillovers and connectedness among credit default swap sector indexes

This article studies volatility spill-over effects and market connectedness using daily data of credit default swap spreads for U.S. companies over a period from 2007 to 2012. We quantify volatility spillovers by means of an unconditional analysis performed using the entire sample, and a conditional analysis which estimates the model using a rolling window. As our database contains the global financial crisis (GFC), we are able to determine how volatility spillovers spread in the economy during the recent market turmoil. Our unconditional results confirm that the Financials sector was a main contributor to the overall market volatility along with the Consumer Goods, Consumer Services and Basic Materials sectors. The conditional analysis clearly identifies that the Financials was the major feeding sector of volatility spill-over effects, and that the market volatility was successively driven by Technology and Basic Materials over a rather short period of time, followed by Consumer Goods and Consumer Services over a prolonged period of time. Our results illustrate indirect linkages between the sectors that conveyed shocks during the GFC.     

Diversification across ASEAN-wide sectoral and national equity returns

This paper examines the effects of local and global shocks on the sector indices and national returns of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by using the univariate AR-GARCH model. We find that regional and global shocks have different influences on the ASEAN-wide sector and national equity indices. There is evidence that the ASEAN-wide sectoral returns are mostly driven by local shocks, except for the insurance and technology sectors. The volatility of Singapore's and Vietnam's national returns mostly results from their own shocks rather than local and global shocks. Applying the trend spillover model, this paper also shows that the effects of regional and global shocks on return volatility have been decreasing for almost all ASEAN-wide sectors' equity indices, while the trend for the volatility spillover effects of those shocks are positive and significant for the production and industries group sectors, as well as the food and beverage sector. Comparing the variance ratios of ASEAN sectoral and national returns, it is evident that the percentage of national equity returns belonging to their own shocks is higher than that of sectoral returns, indicating that investors might be better off diversifying their assets across countries rather than sectors in ASEAN area. This finding is consistent with the results of the mean–variance frontiers, as the portfolio composed purely of ASEAN national returns has a stronger efficiency frontier than a portfolio of all ASEAN-wide sector equity returns. By using the spanning and intersection tests, the paper also indicates that adding ASEAN national equity returns might improve the efficiency frontiers of investors' holding portfolios.     

Which way does water flow? An econometric analysis of the global price integration of water stocks

Around US$600 billion of investment is desperately needed to address forecasted huge shortages in water supply globally. A number of worldwide investors – so-called water funds – have started to take up this challenge. For these global water investors, knowledge about the extent of integration between the water sectors of financial markets is highly important. According to international portfolio diversification theory, the less (more) integrated markets are, the more (less) benefits there are from international diversification. In this study, we investigate the extent and manner of interdependence among the US, European and Asian water sector of the equity markets based on Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger causality and impulse response analyses. We find that world water stock market prices are indeed significantly interdependent although this interdependence varies across time periods. Each market quickly responds to shocks from each other and completes its response within 3 days. Hence, for water investors, international diversification that is undertaken just within the water sector will not be beneficial. The result also implies that there is the risk of crossmarket contagion – that is, price volatility spill over across water sectors of different financial markets, and therefore, water authorities in one market should take cognisance of events in other markets.     

The Impact of the GFC on Sectoral Market Efficiency: Non‐linear Testing for the Case of Australia

This paper investigates the efficiency of the Australian stock market during the period of volatility and disruption associated with the Global Financial Crises (GFC). Furthermore, the investigation seeks to observe any divergence in market efficiency between industry sectors that demonstrate differing economic performance across the period. Spanning a time period of 2000–2015, the data are split into three periods of distinct economic conditions: a pre‐crisis period of relatively high growth, the GFC period of disruption and contraction, and a post‐GFC period of relatively low growth. Five sector indices listed on the Australian Securities Exchange are analysed to search for evidence of market efficiency (Real Estate, Consumer Discretionary, Financials, Materials, and Metals and Mining). A range of non‐linear tests are applied in order to systematically investigate the structure of the market in each sector. The results highlight the cointegrated nature of non‐linearity across related sectors, and also demonstrate that different industries within the same economy can reveal highly diverse patterns of non‐linearity and market efficiency in response to financial crisis.     

Optimal trading strategies for Lévy-driven Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes

This study derives an optimal pairs trading strategy based on a Lévy-driven Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and applies it to high-frequency data of the S&P 500 constituents from 1998 to 2015. Our model provides optimal entry and exit signals by maximizing the expected return expressed in terms of the first-passage time of the spread process. An explicit representation of the strategy’s objective function allows for direct optimization without Monte Carlo methods. Categorizing the data sample into 10 economic sectors, we depict both the performance of each sector and the efficiency of the strategy in general. Results from empirical back-testing show strong support for the profitability of the model with returns after transaction costs ranging from 31.90% p.a. for the sector ‘Consumer Staples’ to 278.61% p.a. for the sector ‘Financials’. We find that the remarkable returns across all economic sectors are strongly driven by model parameters and sector size. Jump intensity decreases over time with strong outliers in times of high market turmoil. The value-add of our Lévy-based model is demonstrated by benchmarking it with quantitative strategies based on Brownian motion-driven processes.     

Oil Price Shocks and Volatility in Australian Stock Returns

This paper examines the effect of oil shocks on return and volatility in the sectors of Australian stock market and finds significant effects for most sectors. For the overall market index, an increase in oil price return significantly reduces return, and an increase in oil price return volatility significantly reduces volatility. An advantage of looking at sector returns rather than a general index of stock returns is that sectors may well differ markedly in how they respond to oil price shocks. The energy and material sectors (as expected) and the financial sector (surprisingly) are out of step (in different ways) with results for the other sectors and for the overall index. A rise in oil price increases returns in the energy and material sectors and an increase in oil price return volatility increases stock return volatility in the financial sector. Explanation for the negative (positive) association between oil return (oil return volatility) and returns (volatility of returns) in the financial sector must be based on the association via lending to and/or holdings of corporate bonds issued by firms with significant exposure to oil price fluctuations and their speculative positions in oil‐related instruments.     

MODELING INVESTMENT‐SECTOR EFFICIENCY SHOCKS: WHEN DOES DISAGGREGATION MATTER?

The most straightforward way to analyze investment‐sector productivity developments is to construct a two‐sector model with a sector‐specific productivity shock. An often used modeling shortcut accounts for such developments using a one‐sector model with shocks to the efficiency of investment in a capital accumulation equation. This shortcut is theoretically justified when some stringent conditions are satisfied. Using a two‐sector model, we consider the implications of relaxing several of the conditions that are at odds with the U.S. Input–Output Tables, including equal factor shares across sectors. The effects of productivity shocks to an investment‐producing sector of our two‐sector model differ from those of efficiency shocks to investment in a one‐sector model. Notably, expansionary productivity shocks boost consumption in every period, whereas expansionary efficiency shocks cause consumption to fall substantially for many periods.     

Is East Asia an optimum currency area?

This paper assesses the empirical desirability of the East Asian economies to an alternative exchange rate arrangement (a monetary union) that can potentially enhance the exchange rate stability and credibility in the region. Specifically, the symmetry in macroeconomic disturbances of the East Asian economies is examined as satisfying one of the preconditions for forming an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). We extend the existing literature by improving the methodology of assessing the symmetry shocks in evaluating the suitability of a common currency area in the East Asian economies employing the Bayesian State-Space Based approach. We consider a model of an economy in which the output is influenced by global, regional and country-specific shocks. The importance of a common regional shock would provide a case for a regional common currency. This model allows us to examine regional and country-specific cycles simultaneously with the world business cycle. The importance of the shocks decomposition is that studying a subset of countries can lead one to believe that observed co-movement is particular to that subset of countries when it in fact is common to a much larger group of countries. In addition, the understanding of the sources of international economic fluctuations is important for making policy decisions. The falling share of country specific factor and the rising role of region factor indicate that East Asia has become increasingly favorable for a monetary union. However, the share of country-specific factor that is still significant implies that it could be costly to renounce individual currencies to advance into a monetary union in East Asia.     

ARE CHINESE STOCK MARKETS INCREASING INTEGRATION WITH OTHER MARKETS IN THE GREATER CHINA REGION AND OTHER MAJOR MARKETS?

This paper investigates the cointegrating and long-term causal relationships between the Shanghai A and B-share market, and between these two markets and the Hong Kong, the Taiwanese, the Japanese and the US market of two sub periods between July 1993 and March 2007. On the basis of a new Granger non-causality test procedure developed by Toda-Yamamoto (1995) and Johansen's (1988) cointegration test, my results suggest that a long-term equilibrium relationship measured by cointegration has been merged between the Chinese A-share market and the other markets in greater China region as well as the US market during the post-crisis period which covers the period since Chinese A-share market was opened to the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) in 2002. I also found that the Shanghai A-share market uni-directionally Granger-causes the other regional markets after the Asian financial crisis, while the A-share market and Hong Kong H-share market have had a significant feedback relationship since then. However, I found no evidence there has been cointegrating relationship between Shanghai B-share market and any other market ever since the B-share market was opened to the local retail investors in 2001.     

Price Shocks in General Equilibrium: Alternative Specifications

Smets and Wouters (2003) find that at short- and medium-termhorizons stochastic variations in the goods market mark-up arethe most important source of inflation variability in the euroarea. This article shows that an empirically plausible alternativeinterpretation is that the estimated price mark-up shocks representrelative price (e.g. productivity) shocks in a flexible-pricesector. Such an interpretation is consistent with recent microfindings that prices are very flexible in some sectors suchas the food and energy sector, while they are very sticky inother sectors such as services. (JEL codes: E1, E2, E3)