APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES,MEASURES AND EVIDENCE

We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.     

中国一东盟自由贸易区的建立对中国经济带来的机遇与挑战

世界上人口最多的自由贸易区-中国与东盟自由贸易区将于2010年建成.在这个拥有17亿人口、2万亿美元生产总值、1.7万亿美元贸易总量的自由贸易区内,明确中国与东盟在货物、服务贸易和投资领域的比较优势,对于协调各方的利益得失,最大地发挥自由贸易区的作用,有着积极而重要的意义.该自由贸易区的建立将对中国经济发展产生深远影响.     

Entrepreneurship as translation: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through actor-network theory

Entrepreneurship scholars argue that opportunities are at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Yet, there is still a heated debate on the nature of opportunities. The discovery view argues that opportunities are discovered and have objective existence prior to the entrepreneurial process. The creation view argues that the discovery view is incomplete and makes wrongful assumptions about agency, process and opportunities in entrepreneurship. More conceptual development, however, is needed for the creation view to become a fully developed theoretical alternative to the discovery view. In this article, Actor-Network Theory is used to develop the creation view and further our understanding of entrepreneurial processes.     

Long-run underperformance following private equity placements: The role of growth opportunities

Our results show that the post-offering performance of private equity issuers is related to growth opportunities. We find significant long-run underperformance in stock returns following private placements only for firms with high Tobin's q. High-q firms experience not only poor stock price performance but also poor operating performance. Low-q firms, in contrast, do not display significant stock price or operating underperformance. We further examine three potential explanations for this relation: over-investment in assets by managers, investor skewness preference, and over-optimism about earnings prospects. Our results are consistent with the view that investors are overly optimistic about the prospects of high growth firms.     

浅析我国网上药店发展所面临的机遇和挑战

近几年,我国网上购物发展迅速,为网上药店的发展奠定了良好的基础。文章首先描述网上药店所面临的一系列机遇,随后介绍其目前存在的挑战,最后针对这些挑战提出了几点改善建议。     

The uneasy alliance of organisational culture and equal opportunities for ethnic minority groups: A British example

Recent statistics suggest that there is a continuing disparity in labour market outcomes between ethnic minority (EM) groups and their White counterparts. However, although there is now an abundance of statistical and anecdotal evidence that speaks to the disadvantage of EM groups, there is less understanding of the intraorganisational dynamics that give rise to the outcomes that are reported. Drawing on postcolonial, cultural capital, and social capital theories, this article argues that the dominant approach through which organisational culture is conceptualised and the ways in which it is commonly managed may encourage labour market inequality and disadvantage for EM groups (defined as access to employment and having opportunities for promotion while in employment). The article explores three intraorganisational interventions that are common in culture management initiatives (leadership, selective recruitment, and internal promotion) to illustrate the arguments. The article concludes by discussing a series of implications and highlighting the pivotal role of the HR academy and practitioners in generating deeper insights and attention into the potential sources of EM disadvantage that are linked to culture and culture management.     

Leveraging networks,capabilities and opportunities for international success: A study on returnee entrepreneurial ventures

By integrating social capital theory with a capability-based view on performance, this paper aims to examine the extent to which returnee entrepreneurial ventures (REVs) gain international performance advantages from the founding entrepreneurs’ experience with international networks. Using data on 200 Chinese REVs, the paper proposes and tests a structural model with a focus on the link between individual entrepreneurs and the subsequent development of firm capabilities. The results provide evidence that it is important that the returnee entrepreneurs have an international social network for the REV to develop an international network capability, which, in turn, mediates the effects on opportunity knowledge and the international performance of the REVs. The findings highlight the concurrent effect of the role of entrepreneurs and organizational learning in internationalization, and they provide an understanding as to the importance of the returnee-specific advantages for the international performance of these firms.     

MNC practice transfer: institutional theory,strategic opportunities and subsidiary HR configuration

Human resource (HR) practice transfer is an important topic in the domain of strategic international human resource management (SIHRM). Previous research in practice transfer has emphasized the challenges arising from the institutional distance between the home and host countries. However, potential opportunities due to this distance have been largely overlooked. Shifting the focus away from looking at institutional distance as a constraint, we examine the possibilities of strategic opportunities that exist because of institutional distance. We argue multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries can exploit these opportunities to gain competitive advantage. Building upon SIHRM literature, institutional theory and the resource-based views, we propose a conceptual framework explaining how institutional environments present strategic opportunities. We argue that these strategic opportunities are most abundant in the case of moderate institutional distance between the two countries. Building upon the conceptualization of strategic opportunities, we propose a model of subsidiary HR configuration, and then we explain how an HR configuration could be a source of competitive advantage. Further, we examine the role of MNCs' overall SIHRM orientation in relation to the identification and exploitation of strategic opportunities.     

The effect of autonomy,training opportunities,age and salaries on job satisfaction in the South East Asian retail petroleum industry

South East Asian petroleum retailers are under considerable pressure to improve service quality by reducing turnover. An empirical methodology from this industry determined the extent to which job characteristics, training opportunities, age and salary influenced the level of job satisfaction, an indicator of turnover. Responses are reported on a random sample of 165 site employees (a 68% response rate) of a Singaporean retail petroleum firm. A restricted multivariate regression model of autonomy and training opportunities explained the majority (35.4%) of the variability of job satisfaction. Age did not moderate these relationships, except for employees >21 years of age, who reported enhanced job satisfaction with additional salary. Human Capital theory, Life Cycle theory and Job Enrichment theory are invoked and explored in the context of these findings in the South East Asian retail petroleum industry. In the South East Asian retail petroleum industry, jobs providing employees with the opportunity to undertake a variety of tasks that enhanced the experienced meaningfulness of work are likely to promote job satisfaction, reduce turnover and increase the quality of service.     

当前国内外创业机会研究述评

创业机会逐渐发展成为创业研究的前提和核心。国内外学者围绕创业机会形成的研究焦点是创业机会的来源、识别、评价和利用。在新的时代背景下,创业机会具体来源途径、组织背景下的创业机会识别、量化的评价模式、组织员工对创业机会的利用将是下一步创业机会研究的中心。     

Equality of opportunity and the alignment of incentives

Under what conditions are the incentives of the members of society more aligned? We address this question in a setup in which individuals choose a policy without knowing who will benefit and who will be hurt by each policy. Our central result identifies a sufficient condition for a measure of disagreement in society, which has been linked to the equilibrium level of rent-seeking, to weakly decrease. This sufficient condition captures increasing equality of opportunity in a specific sense.     

微时代背景下高校校园文化建设工作研究

高校校园文化是学校精神风貌的体现,潜移默化的影响着大学生的行为模式,理想信念等素养。随着微博时代的到来,高校校园文化建设工作面临着新的机遇和挑战。论文在阐述微博特性的基础上,分析了微博对于高校校园文化建设的引导和推动作用,并就其对校园文化建设的方法途径进行了探索研究,对高校校园文化建设工作具有重要的现实意义与实践价值。     

试论拓宽高校毕业生就业门路的主要经验和做法

拓宽高校毕业生就业门路的基本思路,是从与高校毕业生就业涉及的政府、用人单位、高校与毕业生本人四个行为主体入手,分析各个主体在毕业生就业过程中的不同作用,从而以市场化的就业机制协调各参与主体活动,探索拓宽高校毕业生就业门路的主要方法。     

双创背景下河南省小额担保信贷发展路径优化研究

双创背景下,小额担保贷款的发展成为一项与时俱进、兼具实践和应用价值、不断推进和调整的一项工作。论文立足威胁和机遇并存的时代背景,对目前河南省小额担保贷款的发展进行深入分析,从现状中剖析其存在的问题,继而对双创背景下河南省小额担保贷款的发展给出具体的优化路径,使其在不同的经济环境下均能持续稳定发展。     

Testing equality of variances in the analysis of repeated measurements

The problem of comparing the precisions of two instruments using repeated measurements can be cast as an extension of the Pitman-Morgan problem of testing equality of variances of a bivariate normal distribution. Hawkins (1981) decomposes the hypothesis of equal variances in this model into two subhypotheses for which simple tests exist. For the overall hypothesis he proposes to combine the tests of the subhypotheses using Fisher's method and empirically compares the component tests and their combination with the likelihood ratio test. In this paper an attempt is made to resolve some discrepancies and puzzling conclusions in Hawkins's study and to propose simple modifications.
The new tests are compared to the tests discussed by Hawkins and to each other both in terms of the finite sample power (estimated by Monte Carlo simulation) and theoretically in terms of asymptotic relative efficiencies.     

后奥运我国中介市场面临机遇和挑战

北京2008奥运会成功举办为跨入新世纪的中国提供了一次千载难逢的加速发展机遇,中国体育事业得到极大的促进,中国体育体制将会进行空前规模的改革。同时奥运会也将全面拉动相关产业经济的发展,有力地促进我国体育中介市场的发展与完善。但奥运会在带动经济发展的同时同样暗藏着危机和风险。奥运会后带来的经济"低谷效应"让我国体育中介市场面临机遇和挑战。     

S公司DPMO质量指标体系的建立

DPMO是度量过程质量水平的一个重要指标。文章研究建立在S公司DPMO质量指标体系的建立这个项目上,对DPMO质量指标在加工企业中的应用进行了研究。项目组在充分了解S公司P3车间生产和工艺特点的基础上,借鉴了IPC-7912中对DPMO的定义,结合了六西格玛管理的定义和改进本质,制定了一套适合该公司该车间的缺陷机会定义准则,建立了一套适合S公司P3车间的质量指标体系,取得了较好的效果。     

Open standards,vertical disintegration and entrepreneurial opportunities: How vertically-specialized firms entered the U.S. semiconductor industry

This paper shows how the emergence of open standards has created large numbers of entrepreneurial opportunities in the semiconductor industry by enabling vertical specialization. Integrating data on firms and technology evolution, we find a gradual increase in the percentage of firms represented by newly-founded “de novo” entrepreneurial startups, instead of “de alio” ones, as open standards emerged in semiconductor products and processes over the life of the industry. This standardization reduced transaction costs and fostered specialization, thus facilitating the entry of vertically-specialized new ventures. Vise versa, the rise of such new ventures further pushed the adoption of open standards, and the vertical disintegration of the industry. Our theory on how standardization creates opportunities for new ventures and our analysis of the semiconductor industry contribute to the technology entrepreneurship literature, as well as the industry architecture literature that has primarily focused on the impact of standardization on the disintegration of vertically-integrated incumbents.     

天津市GI初级农产品品牌营销的现状分析

以品牌化带动农产品市场化是现代农业发展的必由之路。从GI的内涵出发,结合消费者对农产品需求产生的新特点,分析了GI农产品品牌营销的必要性,并结合天津市GI农产品品牌覆盖情况,分析了特色农产品品牌营销面临的机遇与挑战,并在此基础上,提出促进天津市特色农产品品牌营销的措施。     

我国发展连锁经营业的SWOT分析

运用SWOT分析方法对目前中国连锁经营业所具有的优势和劣势,及其面临的机遇和挑战进行了综合分析,指出我国连锁经营业发展的空间会更加广阔,各类连锁经营企业只有抓住机遇发挥优势,消除劣势迎接挑战,才会迎来更加美好的前景.