Incentives at the counter: An empirical analysis of surcharging card payments and payment behaviour in the Netherlands

In card payment systems, no-surcharge rules prohibit merchants from charging consumers extra for card payments. However, such rules are prohibited in the Netherlands. Dutch retailers are allowed to surcharge consumers for debit card use. This setting permits an empirical analysis of the impact of surcharging card payments on merchant acceptance and consumer payment choice. Based on consumer and retailer survey data, our analysis shows that surcharging steers consumers away from using debit cards towards cash. Half of the observed difference in debit card payment shares across retailers can be explained by this surcharge effect. Removing debit card surcharges may induce cost savings of more than EUR 50 million in the long run.     

The Importance of Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market: Evidence from Randomized Trials of Credit Card Solicitations

Analyzing unique data from multiple large‐scale randomized marketing trials of preapproved credit card solicitations by a large financial institution, we find that consumers responding to the lender's inferior solicitation offers have poorer credit quality attributes. This finding supports the argument that riskier type borrowers are liquidity or credit constrained and, thus, have higher reservation loan interest rates. We also find a more severe deterioration ex post in the credit quality of the booked accounts of inferior offer types relative to superior offers. After controlling for a cardholder's observable risk attributes, demographic characteristics, and adverse economic shocks, we find that cardholders who responded to the inferior credit card offers are significantly more likely to default ex post. Our results provide evidence on the importance of adverse selection effects in the credit card market.     

Did a Public Campaign Influence Debit Card Usage? Evidence from the Netherlands

Did consumers change their payment behaviour after being exposed to a public campaign that encouraged them to use their debit cards more often? We analysed the impact of such a campaign that started in 2007, using debit card transaction data between 2005 and 2013. The overall results show positive effects of the national campaign to promote debit card usage, both in the short and in the long run. The results suggest that high campaign intensity aimed at consumers had a positive impact, as did a focus on certain large retail chains. Interventions aimed at increasing debit card acceptance by retailers were effective to some extent. Providing information to retailers about the benefits of debit card acceptance led to higher card acceptance, but no proof was found for the effectiveness of financial incentives for retailers.     

Understanding credit card payment behavior among college students

College students remain a lucrative target market for credit card companies even after the advent of the Credit Card Act of 2009. Unfortunately, many students are not prepared to use credit responsibly or make payments in a timely manner. Numerous studies reveal risky student credit behaviors, lack of credit knowledge or irresponsible management of credit. However, there remains a need for more information on college students’ payment behaviors. This paper aims to explain credit card payment behavior among college students by segmenting college students into payment behavior groupings. Using an online survey, students provided their credit card payment activity and demographic characteristics. The results of this study shed light on different credit card payment behaviors by segmenting college students into four behavioral segments based on useful characteristics. Clear distinctions exist between segments who behave in responsible ways versus those who do not practice responsible behaviors. These segmentation results add to the understanding of Lyons (2004; Journal of Consumer Affairs 38 (1): 56–80) who determined a means of identifying Financially at Risk students (FAR) with payment behavior. Given potentially dangerous effects of targeted credit card marketing to college students, findings about payment behavior of college students will help policymakers, credit card companies and college administrators.     

Debit or credit?

Empirical consumer payment price sensitivity has implications for theory, optimal regulation of payment card networks, and business strategy. A critical margin is the price of a credit card charge. A revolver who did not pay her most recent balance in full pays interest; other credit card users do not. I find that revolvers are substantially less likely to incur credit card charges and substantially more likely to use a debit card, conditional on several proxies for transaction demand and tastes. Debit use also increases with credit limit constraints and decreases with credit card possession. Additional results suggest that debit is becoming a stronger substitute for credit over time.     

Private cards and the bypass of payment systems by merchants

This paper studies the incentives of a merchant to bypass a payment platform by issuing private cards. In our model, a payment platform allocates the total cost of a card transaction between a monopolistic issuer and a monopolistic acquirer by choosing an “interchange fee”. We determine how the level of the interchange fee impacts a merchant’s decision to issue private cards, if there are strategic interactions between merchants. We prove that the payment platform can only deter entry by lowering the level of the interchange fee. If the payment platform chooses to accommodate entry, we find that the total user surplus increases, but that entry is beneficial to social welfare only if the entry cost is sufficiently low.     

中国“卡奴”问题预警

本文分析了台湾等地区爆发的卡奴现象,并结合中国大陆目前信用卡市场的现实情况,建立卡奴形成机制的理论框架。本文指出,持卡人自身、发卡机构及管制机构三方的态度与行为都会影响卡奴的产生。通过对比台湾、韩国、美国与中国大陆地区信用卡行业的发展情况,指出卡奴现象在中国大陆也极可能很快就成为一个严重问题,并给出相关应对措施。     

Point redemption matters: A response to Murthi <Emphasis Type="Italic">et al</Emphasis> (2011)

Murthi et al (2011) addressed a controversy about the benefits of loyalty programs within the credit-card industry. One of their findings was that rewards cardholders were less profitable than non-rewards cardholders. This paper will address two opportunities for further research based on their finding. One opportunity is the investigation of rewards and non-rewards credit-card customers in a context which allows for more associations with the firm than just credit cards. Another opportunity is the segmentation of rewards cardholders into those redeeming rewards and those who do not. The present paper investigates the profitability of credit-card customers in terms of the credit card itself (product profit) and in terms of all of a firm’s products held by the customer (relationship profit). Rewards cardholders are segmented based on their level of redemption. This study finds that cardholders who do not redeem points dilute the profitability of cardholders who do redeem their points when both segments are viewed together. Cardholders who redeem points are found to be more profitable than non-rewards cardholders in terms of both product and relationship. This study also finds that higher levels of redemption correspond with higher profitability at both the product and relationship levels.     

An empirical investigation of the welfare effects of banning wholesale price discrimination

Economic theory does not provide sharp predictions on the welfare effects of banning wholesale price discrimination: if downstream cost differences exist, then discrimination shifts production inefficiently, toward high‐cost retailers, so a ban increases welfare; if differences in price elasticity of demand across retailers exist, discrimination may increase welfare if quantity sold increases, so a ban reduces welfare. Using retail prices and quantities of coffee brands sold by German retailers, I estimate a model of demand and supply and separate cost and demand differences. Simulating a ban on wholesale price discrimination has positive welfare effects in this market, and less if downstream cost differences shrink, or with less competition.     

Regulate one service,tame the entire market: Credit cards in Turkey

In credit card markets banks provide both payment and credit services. Two regulations were recently enacted in the Turkish credit card market: one on payment services in 2005 and the other on credit services in 2006. By employing the well-known  and  method and a unique quarterly data set for 21 Turkish banks between 2002 and 2008, we investigate the extent of banks’ market power in the Turkish credit card market before and after the regulations. Unlike most of the existing literature, which considers competition and regulation for either credit or payment services and ignores the externalities between them, we consider the entire market by taking both services into account. Fixed effects estimations reveal that banks enjoyed collusive oligopoly power before the regulations. Although the first regulation did not have much impact, the second led to rises in both banks’ total revenues and competition in the entire market.     

Consumer payment choice: Merchant card acceptance versus pricing incentives

Using transaction-level data from a three-day shopping diary, we estimate a model of consumer payment instrument choice that disentangles the effect of merchant card acceptance from credit card pricing incentives (rewards) at the point-of-sale. The lack of merchant card acceptance plays a large role in the use of cash, especially for low-value transactions (less than 25 dollars). Participation in a credit card rewards program induces a shift toward credit card usage at the expense of both debit cards and cash. In contrast, changes in the amount of rewards (ad valorem) has a small or inelastic effect on the probability of paying with credit cards. Our findings highlight the importance of the two-sided nature of retail payment systems and provide key insights into consumer and merchant behaviour.     

双边市场理论对商业银行发卡业务的启示

银行卡业具有典型的双边市场特征和复杂的网络外部性。我国银行卡发卡市场发展迅速,但活卡率较低。文章以双边市场理论为基础,从充分运用外部客户资源、挖掘网络价值、营销高价值客户、采取差异化发展策略等方面分析了如何发展有效的持卡客户,减少睡眠卡,对商业银行发卡业务的发展策略具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Credit card ownership and usage behaviour in Saudi Arabia: The impact of demographics and attitudes toward debt

Because of the Islamic prohibition of interest, in Saudi Arabia, there has long been a debate about the acceptability of owning and using credit cards. Available industry statistics, however, suggest that card ownership and usage may be on the rise. In this study, we empirically examine the extent and nature of credit card ownership and usage in the country, and how these are impacted by consumer demographics and attitudes toward debt. Using data from a structured survey, we find inter alia that credit card penetration in the country is relatively low, female Saudis are more likely than males to own the cards, card usage tends to be selective, attitude toward debt is a significant determinant of card ownership but not usage behaviour, and evaluation of card attributes is fairly positive among cardholders. Theoretical, managerial, and public policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

Empirical evidence on payment media costs and switch points

This paper recovers micro cost schedules of consumers’ payment instruments from aggregate transaction costs. We assume that only two moments of the size distribution of payments matter: the number and volume of transactions. These variables explain the transaction costs of currency and debit card payments with much precision for a representative 1998 sample of Dutch retailers. The results imply that low fixed transaction costs favor currency for small transactions, while low variable transaction costs favor debit card payments for large transactions. The switch point is 30 Euros, but including the hidden costs of currency would lower it to 13 Euros.     

Consumers' Use of Debit Cards: Patterns, Preferences, and Price Response

Debit card use at the point of sale has grown dramatically in recent years in the United States and now exceeds the number of credit card transactions. However, many questions remain regarding patterns of debit card use, consumer preferences when using debit, and how consumers might respond to explicit pricing of card transactions. Using a new nationally representative consumer survey, this paper describes the current use of debit cards by U.S. consumers, including how demographics affect use. In addition, consumers' stated reasons for using debit cards are used to analyze how consumers substitute between debit and other payment instruments. We also examine the relationship between household financial conditions and payment choice. Finally, we use a key variable on bank-imposed transaction fees to analyze price sensitivity of card use, and find a 12% decline in overall use in reaction to a mean 1.8% fee charged on certain debit card transactions; we believe this represents the first microeconomic evidence in the United States on price sensitivity for a card payment at the point of sale.     

Impact of interchange fees on a nonsaturated multi-agent payment card market

The impact that the level of interchange fees has on the payment adoption rate in a non-saturated market is investigated. This study is performed under different degrees of consumers' and merchants' awareness of the benefits arriving from the network externalities. In a four-party scheme, we model explicitly the interactions between consumers and merchants at the point of sale. The interchange fees flow from the acquirers to issuers. We allow card issuers to charge consumers with fixed fees and provide net benefits from card usage, whereas acquirers could charge fixed and transactional fees to the merchants. Merchant's transactional fees are determined proportionally to the level of interchange fees. We establish that, under this scheme, the two-sided nature of the market leads to higher adoption rates with lower interchange fees. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信用卡上持卡人与发卡机构间法律关系之理论与实务探析

信用卡作为一种新型的电子服务产品,在我国日益普及。但随着信用卡业务的迅速扩大,信用卡使用的风险和纠纷日益增多。如何认识和处理信用卡使用引发的纠纷,是当前信用卡法律实务中面临的重要问题。本文通过分析持卡人与发卡机构间的法律关系,为相关信用卡纠纷的解决奠定理论基础,在此基础上对信用卡实务中典型的纠纷类型及其因应之道提出见解,目的在于促进信用卡的良性发展,逐步建立一个有法可依的成熟、完备的信用卡法律制度体系。     

Market‐share contracts as facilitating practices

This article investigates how the use of contracts that condition discounts on the share a supplier receives of a retailer's total purchases (market‐share contracts) may affect market outcomes. The case of a dominant supplier that distributes its product through retailers that also sell substitute products is considered. It is found that when the supplier's contracts can only depend on how much a retailer purchases of its product (own‐supplier contracts), intra‐ and interbrand competition cannot simultaneously be dampened. However, competition on all goods can simultaneously be dampened when market‐share contracts are feasible. Compared to own‐supplier contracts, the use of market‐share contracts increases the dominant supplier's profit and, if demand is linear, lowers consumer surplus and welfare.     

第三方支付的基金营销渠道分析

我国基金销售各渠道间发展不平衡,银行渠道垄断特征显著,渠道成本高,客户体验不佳,不利于基金行业发展。第三方支付作为基金交易的资金流转方式,是一种便捷的支付工具,通过第三方支付进行基金申购或交易存在市场发展空间。本文顺应政府对行业监管的需要,结合实践介绍第三方支付企业与基金管理公司的合作模式,提出引入第三方支付平台作为基金销售渠道,通过电子商务的形式完善基金的多元化销售模式。     

Whither Loose Change? The Diminishing Demand for Small-Denomination Currency

While payment card usage has increased dramatically, the stock of outstanding currency has not declined as rapidly. We analyze changes in cash demand for 13 advanced economies from 1988 to 2003 by separating cash into three denomination categories to disentangle its store of wealth and payment functions. Defining denominations commonly dispensed by automated teller machines (ATMs) as the "medium" category, we show that demand for small-denomination currency decreases with greater debit card usage and with greater retail market consolidation. In contrast, the demand for high-denomination notes decreases when interest rates rise but is generally unaffected by changes in debit card usage.